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The Greatest Portuguese Explorers

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The Greatest Portuguese Explorers

Throughout centuries of history, countless Portuguese navigators and explorers explored new territories and continents, leaving an indelible legacy for future generations. Their intrepid journeys and daring discoveries opened up new horizons and connected distant civilizations, shaping the course of world history.

Over time, a myriad of Portuguese have transcended borders and challenges, leaving their mark on the world through daring explorations and an intrepid spirit that echoes to this day. Their remarkable deeds echo down the ages, inspiring us to seek out new paths and embrace the unknown with courage and determination.

Although navigators are the most recognized and celebrated, Portugal’s history is also enriched by a diverse gallery of explorers who mapped vast areas of hitherto almost unknown continents, exploring wild lands in Africa, South America and beyond.

These brave adventurers played a vital role in expanding geographical knowledge and understanding of the world and the territories we inhabit. In this article, we’ve put together a selection of the most prominent Portuguese explorers of all time, whose contributions continue to inspire and fascinate to this day.

João Gonçalves Zarco

He played a key role in the Age of Discovery. He took part in the capture of Ceuta in 1415 in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator. Subsequently, he was appointed commander of a vessel to patrol the south coast of Portugal in order to combat the frequent attacks by Barbary pirates. His maritime skills led him to recognize the island of Porto Santo in 1418 and the main island of Madeira in 1419, together with Tristão Vaz Teixeira.

Convinced of the advantages of establishing a colony in Madeira, Zarco and his fellow navigators returned to the island with Bartolomeu Perestrelo in 1419, beginning the colonization process. Zarco received the Captaincy of Funchal in 1450, granted by Prince Henry the Navigator. He also took an active part in the siege of Tangier in 1437, being knighted by the Infante.

Granted by King Afonso V in 1460, Zarco adopted the surname “Câmara”, derived from Câmara de Lobos, a place he discovered on the island of Madeira. Zarco married Constança Rodrigues and had seven children. Their descendants kept the surname Câmara. Zarco died at an advanced age and was buried in Funchal. Although the mausoleum he had built in 1430 was demolished in 1768, his contribution to the history of Portuguese maritime exploration remained significant, with his lineage continuing through the centuries.

João Gonçalves Zarco. Public Domain.

Gil Eanes

born in Lagos to a noble family, became Henry’s squire and sailed under the Infante’s command. In 1433, Henry entrusted him with the captaincy of a barge with the aim of rounding the dreaded Cape Bojador, an extreme point on the west coast of Africa then unknown to the Portuguese due to its dangerous sailing conditions.

After several failed attempts, Eanes finally managed to overcome Cape Bojador in 1434, at the urging of the Infante, paving the way for explorations further south. His courage and success in this endeavor were remarkable, marking a crucial point in the Portuguese Discoveries and allowing exploration of the African coast to continue.

In addition, he took part in other notable expeditions, including voyages to the south in 1435 and together with Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia, reaching areas such as Angra dos Ruivos, and expeditions to the islands of Tíder and Naar in 1444, as well as to the Canary Archipelago and Cape Verde in 1445. These voyages contributed significantly to the advancement of geographical knowledge and to Portuguese maritime expansion during the Age of Discovery.

Statue of Gil Eannes in Lagos. Photo by Glen Bowman (Wikimedia)

Diogo Gomes

Gomes was an individual involved in the early stages of the Portuguese Discoveries in the 15th century, although few biographical details about him are confirmed. It is assumed that he was born in Portugal around the beginning of the 15th century, between 1402 and 1420. He served as chamber boy to Prince Henry the Navigator, taking part in expeditions of discovery along the west coast of Africa. In 1440, he was appointed collector of royal customs.

Throughout his life, he played multiple roles, including clerk of the royal carriage from 1451, continuing to serve both the Infante and the Portuguese Crown. In 1456, he led an expedition to the mouth of the Rio Grande and explored the Gambia River as far as Cantor, seeking information on the gold trade and the region’s trade routes.

After the death of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1460, Gomes strengthened his ties with the Court, becoming a knight and serving as squire to Afonso V of Portugal in 1463. He held various administrative posts, including that of Almazarife of Sintra, and judge in various areas. Although the exact date of his death is not known, there are records of a payment made by his widow for his soul in 1502.

Statue of Diogo Gomes. Photo by CorreiaPM (Wikimedia)

Fernão Gomes

Fernão Gomes, son of Tristão Gomes de Brito, received a monopoly on trade in the Gulf of Guinea from King Afonso V in 1469, succeeding Prince Henry the Navigator. The contract required the exploration of 100 leagues of the African coast each year for five years. Fernão Gomes exceeded these expectations, exploring as far as Cape Santa Catarina and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, with the help of experienced navigators such as João de Santarém and Pedro de Escobar.

In 1471, he reached Mina, where he discovered a thriving gold trade among the locals, guaranteeing considerable profits. These profits financed his participation in the conquests of Alcácer Ceguer, Arzila, and Tangier, where he was knighted by King Afonso V. For his success, in 1474 he received the nickname of Mina and new arms, and in 1478 he was appointed to the Royal Council, standing out as an influential figure in the kingdom’s economy.

At the request of the new King João II in 1482, the Feitoria and Fortress of São Jorge da Mina were built in recognition of the enormous profits generated by the gold mining industry, consolidating Fernão Gomes’ role as one of the main traders and explorers of West Africa under Portuguese rule.

Diogo Cão

Diogo Cão, a squire in the household of King João II of Portugal, took part in several exploration expeditions at the end of the 15th century. Between 1482 and 1486, he led two voyages to the southwest coast of Africa. On the first, from 1482 to 1484, he explored the coast from Cape Santa Catarina to Cape Lobo, establishing relations with the kingdom of Congo and leaving stone markers to mark the route of his ships.

During this expedition, he reached the mouth of the Zaire River, believing he had reached the southernmost point of the African continent. However, the real Cape of Good Hope was later doubled by Bartolomeu Dias. On his second voyage, from 1485 to 1487, Diogo Cão reached the Cape of the Cross, introducing stone patterns as landmarks of Portuguese presence.

Recognized for his achievements, he received Armas Novas in 1484. After these expeditions, Diogo Cão disappeared from historical records, leading some historians to speculate about his death or fall from grace. His contribution to the exploration of the African coast was significant, marking an important phase in the Portuguese Discoveries.

Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias, an experienced Portuguese navigator, played a crucial role in maritime explorations during the late 15th century. In 1487, he was commissioned by King João II of Portugal to lead an expedition to the South African coast to seek news of Preste João and explore the possibility of a sea route to the Indies. During this voyage, he was the first to reach what he called the Cape of Storms (later renamed the Cape of Good Hope), marking a significant milestone in the history of navigation.

Along his journey, he discovered several bays on the South African coast and reached Algoa Bay, establishing a crucial route for future sea voyages. However, he faced a crew revolt and was forced to return to Portugal, where he received little reward for his discovery.

Dias continued his career as a navigator, taking part in Vasco da Gama’s expedition in 1497 and accompanying Pedro Álvares Cabral on his voyage to Brazil in 1500. Unfortunately, his life came to a tragic end when his caravel sank off the Cape of Good Hope, an irony for someone who had previously explored that same stretch of water. Few details about his life before these expeditions are known, including his date of birth, but his legacy as one of the great Portuguese navigators is undeniable.

Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London. Photo by Biser Todorov (Wikimedia)

Pero da Covilhã

Pero da Covilhã, born in Covilhã, Portugal, began his career as a swordsman in Seville before being presented to King Afonso V of Portugal in 1474. Admired for his linguistic and combative skills, he was appointed the king’s spymaster and later elevated to squire, playing an important role in various royal undertakings.

He took part in various diplomatic and military missions, including the journey to France in search of support for King Afonso V’s claim to the throne of Castile. Following his abdication in favor of King João II, Pero was tasked with investigating conspiracies against the new king, identifying nobles involved in anti-monarchical activities.

As part of Portugal’s efforts to expand its domains and explore trade routes, Pero was sent on a mission to the Orient in 1487, together with Afonso de Paiva. Disguised as merchants, they traveled through various lands, including Egypt and Ethiopia, in search of information about the legendary kingdom of Prester John and routes to the Indies.

Throughout his journey, Pero da Covilhã carried out extensive exploration of the African coast, identifying important trading points and confirming the feasibility of reaching India by sea. His detailed account of his travels was published posthumously and became a valuable source of information for future explorers. He eventually settled in Ethiopia, where he had a family and served as a royal advisor until his death in 1521.

João Fernandes Lavrador

A Portuguese merchant whose place and date of birth are unknown, he is associated with Bristol customs records from 1486, indicating his connection with English voyages to America and Portuguese voyages. Maps from the early 16th century suggest that he may have been the Labrador responsible for the discovery of Greenland, even before Gaspar Corte Real in 1500.

In 1499, he received a letter from Manuel I of Terceira Island in the Azores, under the captaincy of the Corte Real family, promising him the government of any islands he might discover. It is likely that he took part in John Cabot’s voyage in 1498 as a pilot, mapping the coasts from Greenland to Newfoundland and Chesapeake, which earned him recognition and a prominent position in the Anglo-Portuguese syndicate.

His knowledge of the newly discovered region earned him the exclusion from visiting the lands discovered by the English in a 1502 charter, indicating possible involvement in a scheme with rival King Manuel. There are indications of his participation in Corte Real’s voyages, as suggested by a petition made by Pêro de Barcelos to the Portuguese king in 1506, mentioning a joint expedition that resulted in the expulsion of his people from the discovered lands.

Vasco da Gama

He was born in the middle of 1469 in Sines, a small fishing village on the southwest coast of Portugal. His father, Estêvão da Gama, was mayor of the castle of Sines, while his mother, Dona Isabel Sodré, had connections to the Portuguese nobility. Little is known about his youth, but it is suggested that he may have studied mathematics and navigation in Évora.

In 1492, John II of Portugal sent him to the port of Setúbal and the Algarve to capture French ships in retaliation for attacks on Portuguese shipping. Gama’s real fame, however, came with his historic journey to discover a sea route to India. In 1497, commissioned by King Manuel I, Vasco da Gama led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope, reaching India in 1498. This feat opened up the Cape Route for Europeans, changing the course of world trade.

After the success of his first voyage, Vasco da Gama led a second expedition in 1502, reinforcing the Portuguese presence in India and establishing trading posts. His second journey was marked by clashes with Arabs and local rulers, consolidating Portuguese rule in the region. In 1524, Vasco da Gama returned to India as viceroy, but died of malaria in Cochin, leaving a lasting legacy as one of the great navigators and explorers of the Portuguese Age of Discovery. His remains were transferred to the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, where they rest to this day.

Vasco da Gama, as Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira (from Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu). Public Domain.

Gaspar Corte-Real

Possibly born in Tavira or on the island of Terceira, he was a 15th-century Portuguese navigator. He was the son of João Vaz Corte Real, an experienced explorer who took part in expeditions to the North Atlantic. Gaspar and his brothers, Miguel and Vasco Anes Corte Real, followed in their father’s footsteps as navigators and explorers, engaging in voyages around the Azores and possibly to North America.

In 1500, Gaspar received the captaincy of all the lands he discovered on the North Atlantic coast from King Manuel I of Portugal. That same year, he made his first voyage to Greenland, believing it to be Asia, but failed to land. In 1501, he set off on a second expedition to the American continent and never returned.

His brothers, Miguel and Vasco Anes Corte Real, also disappeared on expeditions in search of Gaspar. Miguel disappeared in 1502 while searching for his brother, and Vasco Anes, although he wanted to search for his brothers, was prevented from doing so by King Manuel I. He succeeded his father as captain of the donee in Angra and on the island of São Jorge.

Gaspar Corte-Real is remembered as a pioneer of European recognition of Canada’s east coast, promoted in particular by diplomat and historian Eduardo Brazão. His figure has been honored with a statue in Newfoundland and Labrador, although his presence has been the subject of controversy due to a possible connection with the slave trade.

A statue of Gaspar Corte-Real, located in the city of St. John’s, Newfoundland. Photo by
Kbq430 (Wikimedia)

Pedro Álvares Cabral

A 15th-century Portuguese nobleman, he is credited with discovering Brazil. He led an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama’s route, with the aim of establishing trade relations and obtaining valuable spices. When he left the African coast, Cabral landed on what he initially thought was an island, calling it Vera Cruz. He then realized it was a continent and claimed it for Portugal in accordance with the Treaty of Tordesillas. These lands would later become Brazil.

During the expedition, a storm in the South Atlantic caused the loss of seven ships, but the survivors managed to reach India. Cabral successfully negotiated trade rights, but faced resistance from Arab merchants, resulting in conflicts. Despite the difficulties, the voyage was considered a success due to the profits made from the spices, strengthening Portugal’s finances and contributing to the emergence of the Portuguese Empire.

After the expedition, Cabral was passed over and withdrew from public life. His reputation was rehabilitated centuries later, and he is recognized as an important figure in the Age of Discovery. The debate about whether the discovery of Brazil was intentional or accidental still persists, but its historical importance is undeniable, especially considering Brazil’s linguistic and cultural legacy as the only nation in the Americas where Portuguese is the official language.

Painting of Pedro Álvares Cabral. Public Domain

Francisco José de Lacerda e Almeida

Born in São Paulo in 1753, came from a noble family with roots in the region. Educated at the University of Coimbra, he excelled as a mathematician and astronomer, obtaining a doctorate in 1777. He was commissioned, along with his colleague Antônio Pires da Silva Pontes, to demarcate the boundaries of Mato Grosso with the Spanish colonies, a mission arising from the Treaty of Santo Ildefonso of 1777.

For more than a decade, Lacerda e Almeida explored the interior of Brazil extensively, recording his discoveries in detailed diaries. In 1791, after his return to Portugal, he became a professor at the Royal Academy of Naval Guards and was subsequently appointed Governor of the Rivers of Sena (Zambézia) in East Africa in 1797.

His first attempt to cross Central Africa, in 1798, resulted in the discovery of Cazembe and Lake Moero. However, he died before completing the crossing, leaving written orders for the mission to continue. Although his expedition was interrupted and his objectives were not fully achieved, his detailed records provided valuable information about the region.

Lacerda e Almeida’s travel diaries were later published in Lisbon and translated into English, gaining international recognition. Despite his significant contribution to the exploration and geographical knowledge of Africa, his story was largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by 19th-century historians and writers, who lamented its obscurity and recognized its importance for understanding the history of African exploration.

Sacadura Cabral

Sacadura Cabral, born in São Paulo in 1855 to a noble family, distinguished himself as a renowned aviator and naval officer. He joined the Navy in 1897 and was promoted over the years, demonstrating exceptional skills as an instructor and commander. He served in several important missions, including the First World War, where he instructed at the Military Aviation School and directed the Naval Aeronautics services.

During his career, Sacadura Cabral worked extensively on hydrographic survey projects and geodetic missions in Mozambique and Angola, demonstrating remarkable skills as a geographer and astronomer. His passion for aviation led him to seek training in France, becoming a military aviator pilot and instructor in Portugal.

In 1922, he achieved international recognition when, together with Gago Coutinho, he made the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic. His achievements made him a leading figure in Portuguese aviation, and he was appointed director of the Naval Aeronautical Services and commander of the Lisbon Naval Base Air Squadron.

In addition to his remarkable career in aviation, Sacadura Cabral also contributed to the development of air navigation and carried out important studies and experiments to improve navigation methods. His life was tragically cut short in 1924, when he died in a plane crash during a flight from Amsterdam to Lisbon, while involved in a project to establish commercial air routes. His death was a significant loss for Portuguese aviation, but his legacy as an aviation pioneer and hero endures to this day.

Sacadura Cabral. Public Domain

João Garcia

He developed an interest in mountaineering at a young age, starting at the age of 16 in the Serra da Estrela. Over the years, he climbed several mountains, including Mont Blanc in the Alps. At the same time, he competed in triathlons, which provided him with physical preparation for his mountain adventures. In 1993, he entered Himalayan mountaineering, achieving success on several expeditions, including the ascent of thirteen of the fourteen mountains over 8000 meters.

Among his achievements are Dhaulagiri, Everest, Gasherbrum II, Gasherbrum I, Lhotse, Kanchenjunga, Shishapangma, K2, Makalu, Broad Peak, Manaslu, Nanga Parbat and Annapurna. Garcia is known for making his climbs without the use of artificial oxygen. His journey on Everest in 1999 resulted in a personal tragedy, with the death of his colleague and friend Pascal Debrouwer and serious injuries that led to amputations and surgical procedures.

Today, Garcia is recognized as the only Portuguese “cameraman” in extreme altitude conditions, having produced several documentaries about his expeditions, as well as being the author of books such as “A Mais Alta Solidão” and “Mais Além – Depois do Everest”. In 2009, he released the film “João Garcia sur la route des 14”, which recounts his project to conquer the 14 highest mountains in the world. He also played the role of ambassador for HIV/AIDS prevention from 2006 to 2009.

Over and Out

In a dive into the pages of history, we explore the courage and fearless spirit of some of the most remarkable Portuguese explorers who shaped the ways of the world. From the legendary navigators of the Discoveries to intrepid contemporary mountaineers, their journey transcended geographical boundaries and challenged the limits of the known.

Navigators such as João Gonçalves Zarco and Gil Eanes explored uncharted seas, discovering islands and circumventing dreaded cables, while Diogo Gomes broadened the horizons of exploration on the African coast. Fernão Gomes expanded trade routes, paving the way for the establishment of trading posts and fortresses that marked Portuguese rule.

In later eras, names like Pêro da Covilhã and Bartolomeu Dias pushed the frontiers of knowledge, unveiling trade routes and reaching distant lands. Francisco José de Lacerda e Almeida drew new maps in Central Africa, while Sacadura Cabral flew the skies, clearing the air at a time when flying was more of an aspiration than a reality.

And finally, we have João Garcia, whose passion for heights took him to the highest peaks in the world. His determination and courage are witnessed by the countless mountains he climbed, facing challenges that few would dare to face. His legacy as a mountaineer and documentary maker elevates national pride, while his dedication to HIV/AIDS prevention makes him an ambassador for global health.

So we pay tribute to these fearless explorers, whose journeys echo through the centuries, inspiring us to look beyond the horizon and embrace the adventure that awaits beyond known borders.

A sharp increase of the tobacco tax in Portugal can lead to the growth of illegal consumption

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A sharp increase of the tobacco tax in Portugal can lead to the growth of illegal consumption

A study suggests that a sharp increase of the tobacco tax in Portugal can lead to the growth of illegal consumption.

A recent European study drew attention to the fact that imposing a very high tax on the consumption of tobacco can lead to an increase in the illicit consumption of the product.

The study, which was performed by Povaddo and requested by Philip Morris International, covered 13 European member states including Portugal.

According to the results:

78% of Portuguese people believe that the decision makers, in order to reduce the overall amount of smoking, should not only increase taxes but also engage in active dialogue with consumers.

79% of the Portuguese think that a sharp tax increase may lead to the growth of illegal consumption, as users will look for alternative supply sources, which are cheaper.

74% of Portuguese people believe that the current method (only an increase of taxes) hinders efforts to make it harder for minors to access tobacco products, as it will be easier for them to access such products through the black market. The rationale is that if the illegal market gets bigger, it will make it easier for minors to access the products.

Last but not least, 56% of the Portuguese think that increasing the tax on tobacco will lead to the growth of the black market, which will hinder efforts to reduce the amount of smoking in Portugal. In short, the increase in tax, by itself, will go against the overall objective.

Note that, in 2022, the Portuguese Tax Authority lost 32 million euros due to the illegal consumption of tobacco.

The Portuguese tax burden dropped 0.2% in 2023

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The Portuguese tax burden dropped 0.2% in 2023

The Portuguese tax burden dropped 0.2 percentage points in 2023, when compared to the previous year.

Despite the projections made by the former Government, in which the value would account for 37.4% of the country’s GDP (which would be a new record), last year, the burden accounted for 35.8% of the country’s GDP.

According to the National Statistics Institute, this was the first decrease of the tax burden since 2019, and the official value keeps Portugal below the EU tax burden average (40% of GDP). However, in nominal terms, in 2023, the tax burden increased by 8.8%. In fact, in nominal terms, the Portuguese tax burden has grown by 78.1% since 2012. This represents a sharp increase.

This means that, even though the value of the tax burden dropped, in terms of percentage of the country’s GDP, the Portuguese do not pay less taxes. In fact, they pay more.

In 2023, social contributions increased by 11.7% as a result of the growth of paid labor, salary updates, and the increase of the minimum wage. The revenue coming from direct taxes increased by 10.7%, and the one coming from indirect taxes, by 5.5%.

7 Events to Attend in Lisbon to Commemorate 50 Years of April 25th

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7 Events to Attend in Lisbon to Commemorate 50 Years of April 25th

On the 25th of April 1974, a military coup called the Carnation Revolution overthrew the dictatorial Estado Novo government. After this, the country transitioned toward a democratic regime and experienced major social, economic, political, and territorial changes.

Since then, the 25th of April is known as Freedom Day in Portugal. It’s the day everyone in Portugal is looking forward to, while April is the month when both locals and tourists gather together to celebrate the civil liberties and political freedom acquired after the revolution!

This year, the country will celebrate a 50-year anniversary since the Carnation Revolution. The whole month of April is filled with hundreds of events held throughout the country that commemorate what happened in 1974 – from book releases and public debates to film festivals and art exhibitions.

Many are held in Portuguese, so if you’re just visiting the country and don’t speak its language, you’ll probably want to skip them. Luckily, we’ve foreseen this and prepared a list of events you can attend in Lisbon even if you don’t speak Portuguese. We’re sure you’ll find at least one you’ll be interested in!

Keep reading to discover seven events that will make you feel like you’ve stepped into a time machine and traveled back to the 1970s!

1. 50 Years of April at SNBA

When: 13.03 – 20.04

Where: Sociedade Nacional de Belas-Artes, R. Barata Salgueiro 36, 1250-044 Lisboa, Portugal

The SNBA has a long-established history and position in Portugal’s artistic landscape. After the Carnation Revolution, the SNBA held numerous artist meetings, including those of the Democratic Movement of Visual Artists, that discussed various cultural changes that would be soon implemented.

As such, this 50th anniversary serves as an excellent occasion to celebrate both the country’s democracy and the SNBA’s identity as a major cultural hub in Lisbon. Ana Lima-Netto, Ana Velez, Gracinda Candeias, Jaime Silva, Manuel Gantes, and Pedro Almeida are only some of the artists whose works you’ll see at this year’s exhibition.

2. 50 Anos de 25 Abril

When: 24.04 – 28.04

Where: Palácio Baldaya (Estr. de Benfica 701A, 1500-087 Lisboa, Portugal), Cine-Teatro Turim (Estr. de Benfica 723, 1500-337 Lisboa, Portugal)

From the 24th until the 28th of April, you can attend some major events at Palácio Baldaya and Cine-Teatro Turim in Lisbon. You’ll have the opportunity to listen to the most popular songs that have been associated with the country’s freedom in the last 50 years.

On the 25th of April, for instance, you can listen to David Fonseca at Palacio Baldaya, a famous Portuguese musician. The entrance is free, and the concert starts at 5 pm. In fact, almost all the events in the series have free entrance, except for the Sem Filtro and the Conta-me como foi events.

For more details about the events, click here.

3. Retrospetiva o outro 25 de abril

When: 1.04 – 25.04

Where: Cinemateca Portuguesa – Museu do Cinema, R. Barata Salgueiro 39, 1269-059 Lisboa, Portugal

This series of events connects Portugal’s Carnation Revolution anniversary and the end of fascism in Italy. It’s a film festival that presents Italian classics and modern productions, offering a comprehensive overview of the Italian Resistance.

The festival began on the 1st of April and will end on the 25th with Rome, Cidade Aberta by Roberto Rossellini and Cravos de Abril by Ricardo Costa.

Click here for more details about the tickets and program.

Cinemateca Portuguesa. Photo by 69joehawkins (Wikipedia)

4. 50 Anos de 25 Abril em Almada

When: 11.04 – 24.04

Where: Almada

If you want to enjoy a one-day getaway in the beautiful Almada, you’ll just have to cross the river and attend the city’s Freedom Day celebration events!

The first event is scheduled for the 11th of April at 7 pm at the Almada Museum, Casa da Cidade – a photography exhibition by Alfredo Cunha focused on the Carnation Revolution. On the 13th of April, there will be another exhibition entitled Portais do Tempo at the Lisnave shipyard.

On the 24th of April, however, you’ll party like never before with locals in Praça da Liberdade! Dino D’Santiago, Tristany, and Batukadeiras Madame X are only some of the artists who will perform on stage that night. Oh, we almost forgot – there will also be fireworks at midnight!

You can find the complete program here.

5. A Liberdade passa por aqui!

When: 20.04 and 21.04, 4 pm – 8 pm

Where: Museu do Aljube, R. Augusto Rosa 42, 1100-059 Lisboa, Portugal

If you want to attend a party but don’t want to leave Lisbon, head towards the Aljube Museum for the A Liberdade passa por aqui! Party. The program for the 20th of April includes Batucadeiras das Olaia, Samba Sem Fronteiras, and DIDI. On the 21st of April, the museum invited Mãe Bruxa, Celina da Piedade, and Tropicáustica.

For more events held at the museum, check out their official website.

6. Factum Exhibition

When: 27.01 – 05.05; Tuesday – Sunday: 10 am – 1 pm; 2 pm – 6 pm

Where: Torreão Nascente da Cordoaria Nacional, Edifício Cordoaria Nacional, Av. da Índia, 1300-299 Lisboa, Portugal

To commemorate 50 years of democracy, Lisbon’s Galerias Municipais opens the Factum exhibition. Over 170 photographs made by Eduardo Gageiro will be on display. They have been taken from the 1950s to 2023, thus illustrating some of the most important events that happened in Portugal in the last 70 years.

The Factum exhibition is an excellent way to discover more about the country you’re visiting – you’ll learn about political, social, and cultural changes, as well as major personalities that played a pivotal role in shaping today’s Portugal.

7. 25 abril. 25 imagens. 50 anos

When: 16.02 – 31.12

Where: Biblioteca Orlando Ribeiro, Estr. de Telheiras 146, 1600-772 Lisboa, Portugal

If you’ve seen the Factum exhibition and found the photographs intriguing (and fascinating!) enough, you should definitely consider heading to Biblioteca Orlando Ribeiro to see other photos taken by Eduardo Gageiro.

The exhibition has on display 25 photos taken in April and May 1974 that are of major historical and cultural value for anyone who wants to learn about the Carnation Revolution. 

Biblioteca Municipal Orlando Ribeiro. Photo by Vitor Oliveira (Flickr)

National Museum of Ancient Art

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National Museum of Ancient Art

Are you a museumgoer? Are you planning to visit Lisbon soon? Perfect! We’ve been expecting you! We’ve prepared quite a comprehensive guide about the National Museum of Ancient Art that will undoubtedly spark your curiosity!

Keep reading to learn some details about the museum’s history and the most significant art pieces in its collection! We’ve also included information about the location, hours, and prices. As a bonus, you’ll discover what else you can visit in the region after finishing your museum tour!

National Museum of Ancient Art – History

The roots of the National Museum of Ancient Art (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga – MNAA) can be traced back to the beginning of the 19th century.

Back then, religious orders were abolished, and religious artwork was brought into the public sphere. The art pieces were gathered in a deposit in Lisbon until the authorities would decide what to do with the collection, which included primarily paintings. Many of those paintings had been greatly damaged. Some had even been lost on the way to the Lisbon deposit. Nonetheless, the collection was quite impressive.

In 1836, The Academy of Fine Arts was established, and shortly after, the Academy founded the National Gallery of Painting. Over the years, the gallery acquired numerous other pieces of art, particularly in the aftermath of the Portuguese Liberal Wars when some private art collections were expropriated.

In 1884, the government purchased the Janelas Verde Palace and established the National Museum of Fine Arts there. At that time, the collection that is now on display at the National Museum of Ancient Art was on display in that museum. The same museum collection included the artworks we can now see in the National Museum of Contemporary Art.

They remained one single collection until the government decree issued on the 26th of May 1911, following the 1910 revolution, which aimed at overthrowing the Portuguese monarchy and replacing it with the First Portuguese Republic. After this, the National Museum of Fine Arts split into the National Museum of Ancient Art and the National Museum of Contemporary Art. The former kept all artworks signed before 1850 and remained in the Janelas Verdes palace.

National Museum of Ancient Art – Collection Highlights

Today, the National Museum of Ancient Art has over 40,000 artworks! Paintings, sculptures, ceramics, textiles, drawings, and prints – all these are on display for art enthusiasts! The museum has furniture and gold/silverware collections, as well as pieces of art associated with the Portuguese Discoveries.

Photo by Vitor Oliveira

The collection includes artworks signed by both Portuguese and foreign artists, including:

  • Nuno Gonçalves
  • Jorge Afonso
  • Francisco de Holanda
  • Francisco Henriques
  • Francisco Vieira
  • Jacob Adriaensz Backer
  • Hieronymus Bosch
  • David Gerard
  • Albrecht Duerer
  • Anthonis Mor
  • Francisco de Zurbaran
  • Francois Boucher
  • Andrea del Sarto.

If you want to discover some incredible details about the most significant artworks you’ll see on display, keep reading!

1. St. Vincent Panels

The St. Vincent Panels consist of six paintings possibly signed by Nuno Gonçalves. These artworks are highly praised in the country for their symbolic and cultural importance.

The paintings depict a group of 58 people gathered around St. Vincent. The whole artwork is an amalgamation of various social groups brought together for veneration shown to the patron of the Maghreb military expansion of the 15th century.

The panels are celebrated for their masterful portrayal of human figures – in terms of facial expressions, costumes, and accessories.

The St. Vincent Panels by Nuno Gonçalves. Public Domain.

2. Hell

Another painting displayed at the National Museum of Ancient Art that will likely catch your attention is Hell, executed probably sometime between 1510 and 1520. Unfortunately, the author of this artwork remains unknown.

As its title suggests, the painting depicts a medieval image of Hell. It incorporates various torments one can endure after committing deadly sins. 

3. Cross of Dom Sancho I

The Cross of Dom Sancho I dates from 1213. Like in the case of Hell, the creator of this remarkable all-gold piece remains unknown. However, specialists confirmed that the piece was commissioned by Dom Sancho I for the Mosteiro de Santa Cruz in Coimbra.

Besides being made of solid gold (which is remarkable enough already!), the cross is adorned with precious stones and pearls. The reverse of the cross displays some engravings, including a lamb, the symbol of death and sacrifice, as well as the symbols of the four evangelists: the lion of St. Mark, the eagle of St. John, the bull of St. Luke, and the angel of St. Matthew.

4. Belém Monstrance

The Belém Monstrance is probably one of the most famous pieces in the museum’s collection. Dating from 1506, it can possibly be attributed to Gil Vicente, a celebrated Portuguese goldsmith. The cross was commissioned by King Manuel I for the Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Belém.

The gold used for this artwork was brought from Kilwa (present-day Tanzania) to Portugal by Vasco da Gama. The king of Kilwa had sent the gold to Portugal as a sign of vassalage (a position of subordination).

Designed as a symbol for the veneration of the congregation, the monstrance is adorned with twelve apostles kneeling in the center. You can also notice a dove hovering above them, which is the symbol of the Holy Spirit. There’s also a figure of God holding the globe. As such, the monstrance is regarded as a representation of the Holy Trinity.

Additionally, one can also notice the emblem of King Manuel I. This is not surprising, after all. Most of the artworks and churches commissioned by him were marked by his emblem.

Belem Monstrance. Public Domain.

5. Table Centerpiece by Thomas Germain

One of the most praised artworks displayed at the National Museum of Ancient Art is the table centerpiece signed by Thomas Germain, a famous silversmith.

It was commissioned by the Duke of Aveiro likely in the context of the ritual service à la française instituted at the end of the 17th century. It is a remarkable silver piece that would take anyone’s breath away!

6. The Chinese Pot

The Chinese Pot probably dates from 1757-1600. It is one of the few examples of 16th-century Chinese export pottery. It bears the insignia of the Augustinian Order.

The decorations of the pot indicate that the artwork was likely created for a monastery, possibly Convento de Nossa Senhora da Graça in Macau, China.

The piece was purchased in 1959 from an art market in Amsterdam.

7. The Salt Cellar

The salt cellar is a unique piece originating from Africa’s west coast. It serves as evidence of the major cultural exchange that occurred during the Portuguese Discoveries.

The incomplete salt cellar dates from the 16th century and was likely created in Benin, Africa. The figures portrayed in this piece have remarkable physiognomic characteristics and costumes, which point to traditional African craftsmanship. Some of the textile patterns reproduced in this artwork are still seen in Nigeria.

8. The Namban Folding Screens

These spectacular pieces entitled the Namban Folding Screens attest to the relationship between Portugal and Japan. They depict the arrival of the Portuguese vessels in Nagasaki in 1543. The screens were likely created at the beginning of the 17th century and are among the few artistic documents that bring immense value to such a significant historical moment.

The Namban Folding Screens were created using wooden lattice, paper, gold leaf, silk, lacquer, and copper gilt.

A screen pair was purchased from an art market in Paris, while the other was acquired from Japan. One pair is attributed to Kano Naizen, while the second was likely created by Kano Domi.

9. Salome with the Head of St. John the Baptist

An iconic painting signed by Lucas Cranach, Salome with the Head of St. John the Baptist was created at the beginning of the 16th century. The artist, a contemporary of Albrecht Duerer and Grunewald, was part of the German Renaissance.

This artwork stands as proof of his mastery. It also marked the beginning of a series of other works focused on the power of women, thus contributing significantly to the exude eroticism that would become characteristic of Cranach’s works.

10. The Annunciation

Although purchased only recently, The Annunciation is probably one of the most notable pieces in the museum. It opened the doors to 15th-century Portuguese painting.

The painting dates from 1430-1434 and was executed by Álvaro Pires de Évora, a painter considered estrangeirado, meaning that he used foreign styles and traditions in his artwork. He is now regarded as one of the founding fathers of Portuguese painting.

The Annunciation was likely created at the end of the painter’s career and is a remarkable piece that serves as testimony to his impressive technique.

11. St. Jerome

St. Jerome, also known as St. Jerome in His Study, is an oil painting signed by Albrecht Duerer, yet another German Renaissance artist.

The painting was executed at the beginning of the 16th century when Duerer was living in the Netherlands. He then donated it to Rodrigo Fernandes de Almada, the head of the Portuguese trade mission in the Netherlands. The painting remained in his family’s possession until 1880. Afterwards, it was donated to the MNAA.

As its title suggests, the painting depicts St. Jerome, the patron saint of Christian humanists. It is considered one of his most accurate and detailed portraits.

12. Triptych of Temptation of St. Anthony

Triptych of Temptation of St. Anthony is an oil painting signed by Hieronymus Bosch, one of the most prominent painters of the Early Netherlandish school.

Divided into three wood panels, the painting depicts the spiritual torments endured by Anthony the Great, also known as Anthony of Egypt. The painting also portrays several fantastic images, and brings together air, earth, fire, and water – the four elements of the Universe.

The painting dates from the beginning of the 16th century.

Temptations of Saint Anthony. Public Domain.

National Museum of Ancient Art – Location, Hours, Tickets

The National Museum of Ancient Art is located on Rua das Janelas Verdes in Lisbon. If you’re using public transport, here are the routes that will take you to the museum:

  • Buses: 713, 714, 727, 728, 732, 760
  • Trams: 15E, 18E, 25E
  • Train: the Cascais Line
  • Metro: You can also take the metro line to the Rato station, but you’ll have to walk around 32 minutes to get to the museum

The National Museum of Ancient Art is open from Tuesday to Sunday, from 10 am to 6 pm. However, some museum rooms have restricted access and may be closed. For example, the rooms on level two are closed between 1 pm and 2 pm.

The standard ticket costs 10 EUR. Nonetheless, if you purchase a family ticket for one adult and one child under 18 years, you’ll pay half the price. Seniors and young visitors under 24 can also benefit from a 50% discount. Children under 12, teachers, tourism workers, journalists, and other similar professionals can enter for free.

If you want to visit the exhibition entitled Shared Identities. Spanish painting in Portugal, you’ll have to get a separate ticket that costs 5 EUR. However, you can buy a joint one for 12 EUR.

The museum also has a restaurant that overlooks the river where you can enjoy a pleasant Portuguese lunch. It is open from Tuesday to Sunday, from 10 am to 5:30 pm.

Must-Visit Places Close to MNAA

If you plan to visit MNAA, we recommend booking a whole day for that region, as there are other places you’ll want to check out!

For example, the museum is overlooking the river and is very close to the famous Ponte 25 de Abril. We strongly recommend scheduling a walk along the river towards the bridge (at sunset, if possible!), as the road opens up spectacular views!

You’ll find a myriad of restaurants and cafes there, so if you want to stop for lunch, dinner, or just a cup of coffee or a glass of wine, you’ll have plenty of choices!

Furthermore, the National Museum of Ancient Art is close to the Museum of the Orient. It was founded in 2008 to preserve the heritage of Asian countries and promote a fruitful collaboration between the East and the West.

This way, you’ll kill two birds with one stone! You’ll visit two of the most iconic museums in Lisbon on the same day and even get to have a romantic walk along the river!

If you prefer connecting with nature rather than going for a walk around the city, we recommend heading to Jardim dos Cactos, where you can delight in several cacti species and feel like you’ve stepped into the wild! Beware of the birds living there!

Jardim dos Cactos is part of a much larger park called Tapada das Necessidades, which is among the top green destinations in the city. There’s also a historical landmark in the park, Casa do Regalo, so you’ll have a complete trip – history, nature, and fun!

The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum – Lisbon’s Artistic Gem

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The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum – Lisbon’s Artistic Gem

Are you planning a trip to Lisbon? If so, you must be scouting for must-visit places in the city, right?! We’ve got something you’ll probably enjoy – the Bordalo Pinheiro Museum! It is dedicated to the life and work of Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro, one of Portugal’s most celebrated artists.

Even if you’re not an art enthusiast, you’ll embark on a culturally rich journey by visiting the museum, as Pinheiro’s work outlines numerous political, social, and cultural subtleties. This way, you won’t only learn about his ceramics that are still praised and inspire thousands of other works but also discover more about the country you’re about to enjoy! Imagine that the museum has a collection of more than 13,000 pieces! What a delight!

Have we aroused your interest?! Keep reading, then! We’ll start by sharing some details about Pinheiro, then move to museum details. As a bonus, we’ve included something about swallows!

Who Was Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro?

Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro was an artist born in Lisbon. He is now famous for his illustrations, caricatures, ceramic designs, and sculptures. By far the most renowned Bordalian artwork is Zé Povinho, a cartoon character portraying a Portuguese everyman. It eventually became the symbol of the Portuguese working class.

Pinheiro wasn’t the only artist in the family. His father, Manuel Maria Bordalo Pinheiro, was a painter, as was his brother – Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro. He lived and created during a period called Fontismo, which lasted for 20 years, from 1868 until 1889. It was a time of modernization and technological and industrial development when many bridges and roads were built, as well as the Portuguese railway network.

Throughout his career, Pinheiro focused much on the cultural, social, and political details of the time, which is why his work is now so treasured by both Portuguese and other peoples. Considering that he lived during Fontismo, his work is, just like everything else created at the time, filled with innovation and dynamism.

In the 1880s, after having built an extensive artistic career, Pinheiro turned to ceramics. He and his brother Feliciano Bordalo Pinheiro founded a ceramics factory in Caldas da Rainha, which functions until today. Rafael was in charge of technical and artistic matters, while his brother was responsible for managing the factory.

They produced ornamental ceramic products, including everyday tableware and wall coverings. Thanks to the skills Rafael had developed as a caricaturist, his ceramics acquired a completely unique style. He aimed at capturing the moment as if taking a photo, thus presenting things in a mimetic style, a naturalist strategy.

Naturalism is at the core of many ceramic motifs that are still highly characteristic of Portugal. Back then, they were also used by Pinheiro – floral motifs, fruits, vegetables, live animals, or dead animals presented as food, including the famous sardines.

Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. Public Domain

The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum

The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum was established in 1916. It aims at preserving and studying Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro’s art. The museum was founded at the request of Cruz Magalhães, an art collector, poet, critic, humorist, and, last but not least, a dedicated admirer of Pinheiro’s lifework.

When the museum opened its doors to the public, it had only one floor to its disposal. Less than ten years later, it extended its headquarters to other rooms, and the staff was already holding numerous events and exhibitions dedicated to Pinheiro.

After Lisbon City Council took charge of the museum’s management, it further extended its area and acquired quite a rich ceramics collection, as well as a specialized library. Additionally, the museum staff was actively collecting whatever pieces they could find related to the Pinheiro family.

Between 1999 and 2005, the museum was closed following some structural problems. It reopened after intensive restoration.

Here’s what exhibitions you’ll enjoy if you add this museum to your Lisbon must-visit list:

  • The life and work of Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro
  • The life and work of Manuel Gustavo, Pinheiro’s son
  • A photograph collection of 1,800 pieces of the Bordalo Pinheiro family, their ceramics factory, and others.
  • An extensive collection of “Bordalian” magazines which published Pinheiro’s graphic work.
  • A collection of 2,600 drawings signed by Pinheiro and his son, as well as other artists, including Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro and Stuart Carvalhaes.
  • A collection of 3,300 lithographed pages from humorous periodicals.
  • A collection of 100 paintings, including Rafael’s portrait made by his brother Columbano.
  • More than 1,000 ceramic pieces made by Pinheiro and other artists.
  • 100 tile pieces produced at the ceramics factory in Caldas da Rainha. Some are as old as the factory, dating from 1884.
  • A 3,000-piece collection of documents which includes correspondence, postcards, diaries, and notes.
  • A collection of 100 materials and tools Pinheiro and his son used for their artwork.

All in all, the museum collection has more than 13,000 objects that can help visitors unravel the life of the Pinheiro family bit by bit!

In addition, the museum has its own library dedicated to the Bordalo Pinheiro family. It has more than 4,000 titles specialized particularly in Rafael’s work, including periodical publications.

The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum – Location, Hours, and Tickets

The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum is in Lisbon, on Campo Grande 382. It is very close to Universidade Lusófona and Jardim Mário Soares.

Unfortunately, it is quite far from the city center, but you can schedule an entertaining journey to reach it: take a walk through Parque Eduardo VII, visit the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, and end your day trip at the Bordalo Pinheiro Museum. If you have time the next day, you can also check out the zoo, as it’s not far from the museum.

Here’s what public transport will take you to Bordalo Pinheiro Museum:

  • Metro: green or yellow lines that take you to the Campo Grande Station
  • Buses: 701, 717, 731, 747, 745, 736, 778, 767, 798, 796, 783, 207, 206

The ticket costs only 3 EUR. If you have a Lisbon Card, you’ll pay 2,40 EUR. Children up to 12 years old do not need a ticket. If you’re a journalist, teacher, tourism professional, or researcher with credentials, you can also enter the museum for free. However, you’ll probably need a document proving this.

The museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 6 pm.

Bordalo Pinheiro Museum. Photo by Youri Paiva (Flickr)

Bordalo Pinheiro’s Swallow

One of the most famous Bordalian motifs is the swallow, which has now become a Portuguese icon. Although Pinheiro used countless vegetable and animal elements in his artwork, the swallow somehow gained much more attention.

It was in 1891 that Pinheiro made his first ceramic swallows, some of which are still hanging in Tabacaria Monaco in Lisbon. This shop is located in a passageway, and it is not only home to Pinheiro’s swallows but also to some of his tiles and Antonio Ramalho’s ceiling paintings.

Today, you’ll find swallow-themed ceramics and art everywhere in Portugal! Besides carrying bits of Portuguese culture and history, these pieces are symbols of good luck, commitment, joy, loyalty, freedom, and positivity. In short, if you’ve run out of souvenir ideas, don’t hesitate to equip yourself with some Bordalian swallows – your family back home will be delighted!

Even more, you can visit the official Bordallo Pinheiro shop in Lisbon and get your unique pieces! It’s located on Avenida Guerra Junqueiro, 28-D, and is open from Monday to Saturday between 10 am and 7 pm, with a 1-hour break between 2 and 3 pm.

However, this isn’t the only selling point in Lisbon where you can find pieces manufactured at the Bordalo Pinheiro ceramics factory. You can also check them out here:

  • A Vida Portuguesa – Intendente: Largo do Intendente Pina Manique 23
  • A Vida Portuguesa – Chiado: Rua Anchieta 11 Chiado
  • Arte Periferica: Centro Cultural de Belem
  • Bordallo Pinheiro El Corte Ingles Lisboa: Avenida António Augusto de Aguiar, nr. 31, Piso 5.
  • Cerâmicas Na Linha – Lisboa: Rua Capelo, 16 A 1
  • Fimilola: Rua Luís Augusto Palmeirim, nr. 1

In addition, the store has numerous selling points throughout the country. You can find them here.

What is the Portuguese NIF and how does it work?

Becky Gillespie
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What is the Portuguese NIF and how does it work?

The Portuguese NIF, or Número de Identificação Fiscal, is Portugal’s taxpayer identification number. This nine-digit number is essential for various legal and financial activities within the country. The NIF is assigned to both nationals and foreigners and serves as a key identifier for tax purposes. This number is unique to each individual and remains unchanged throughout their lifetime.

This article delves into the background of the NIF, the application process, and its practical uses and benefits. Understanding the NIF is essential for anyone navigating the financial and legal landscape of Portugal and has become an indispensable part of life in Portugal.

The Background and Necessity of the NIF

The NIF began to be used in Portugal in 1989. Its introduction was driven by the need to enhance tax collection efficiency and combat evasion. Before the NIF, Portugal’s tax system relied on multiple identification numbers for different services, which led to confusion, inefficiencies, and downright tax evasion. The NIF unified these systems and provided a singular, comprehensive identifier for tax purposes.

This shift not only streamlined administrative processes but also significantly improved the government’s ability to monitor and enforce tax laws. By simplifying the tax identification process, the NIF has played a crucial role in modernizing Portugal’s fiscal infrastructure and bolstering its economy.

Obtaining a NIF for Residency Applications

Obtaining a NIF is the first, crucial step for those applying for residency in Portugal. It’s the first official document required in the residency process. This number is not just for tax purposes but also serves as a form of identification within the country, similar to the social security number in the USA.

Without a NIF, applicants will find it basically impossible to complete essential tasks like renting a home, setting up utility services, or opening a bank account, all of which are necessary for establishing residency.

The NIF also demonstrates an applicant’s intent to be integrated into the Portuguese fiscal system. It signals to authorities that you are committed to contributing to and participating in the country’s economy and society. For those seeking to make Portugal their home, you won’t get anywhere without first obtaining your NIF.  

How to Apply for a NIF

Applying for a NIF in Portugal is a straightforward process. Initially, individuals should visit a local tax office, known as Finanças, with their identification documents. For residents, this means a passport or ID card, and for non-residents, a passport and proof of address are required. Representation through a legal proxy is also an option for those abroad. Several companies have been set up to assist with this process when applicants are still overseas. The application can be completed in person or, in some cases, online for residents with a digital certificate.

Scott Graham, Unsplash

Upon submitting the necessary documents, the tax office processes the application. Typically, the NIF is issued immediately or within a few days. It’s important to keep this number secure, as it is used extensively in financial and legal transactions. For non-residents, obtaining a NIF is essential before engaging in activities like buying property or starting a business in Portugal. The process is designed to be accessible and ensures that everyone can participate in Portugal’s economy and society.

If you are considering becoming a Portuguese resident, start the NIF process as soon as possible as it won’t cost anything to hold on to it even if you don’t use it, and it may take longer than expected to receive the NIF in some cases.

When do you use the NIF in Portugal?

The NIF is used in various situations from opening a bank account to signing a lease. It is also necessary for employment and enrollment in the national health system. Essentially, any financial transaction or contract within Portugal mandates the use of the NIF. It is also required in interactions with government entities and private institutions.

When should I give my NIF number for purchases?

Any time that you need an invoice or a receipt issued, whether you’re at the dentist or paying for maintenance work on your house, you will need to give your NIF (You will often hear the phrase “número de contribuinte” at the counter, which signals that you need to provide your fiscal number). This is particularly relevant for high-value purchases.

Moreover, making purchases in various stores, whether for clothing, electronics, or services, commonly involves the option to include your NIF on receipts. At the grocery store, you’ll often be asked for your NIF at checkout, which enables the tracking of your spending for tax deduction purposes.

Similarly, ticket machines at train stations will ask for your NIF and McDonald’s kiosks offer the option to input your NIF for every order placed. The only places that do not commonly ask for your NIF are restaurants and coffee shops.  

Linking purchases to your NIF can facilitate warranty claims and returns. It’s not mandatory for everyday small transactions, but it’s a common practice for larger ones. This widespread practice not only facilitates potential tax benefits but also serves as an indication of your active participation in the Portuguese economy.

Regularly using your NIF underscores your residency status and contributes to the demonstration of your economic integration and presence in Portugal. Hence, carrying your NIF or memorizing it can speed up your time spent at the payment counter and also help you learn to count to ten in Portuguese.

Does giving my NIF help me save on taxes?

Yes, providing your NIF can give you some tax benefits. Portugal’s tax system allows deductions for certain expenses when they are associated with your NIF. These include health expenses, education costs, and general household expenditures. By compiling these expenses, individuals can potentially reduce their taxable income and save on their taxes.

Additionally, general consumer purchases, when registered with your NIF, contribute to the accumulation of deductible expenses, including certain percentages of VAT (Value Added Tax) on invoices for restaurants, repair services, and beauty services.

Portugal has a unique system known as “e-fatura” where taxpayers can track their expenses and associated tax deductions online. By logging into the official Finanças website and navigating to the e-fatura section, individuals can view their recorded purchases, validate invoices, and manage their personal finances with an eye towards optimizing tax deductions.

This digital tracking encourages transparency, facilitates easier management of tax-related affairs, and allows taxpayers to maximize their eligible deductions and potentially lower their tax payments.

We hope that you now have a better idea of the fundamental aspects of the Portuguese NIF and how it is used in your daily life in Portugal. It is a critical component in navigating Portugal’s financial, legal, and tax systems. Whether you’re engaging in daily transactions or dealing with larger financial issues, your NIF plays a pivotal role.

Once you become a resident in Portugal, we advise you to memorize your NIF as soon as possible or, at the very least, print out your NIF number on a laminated card that you can carry in your wallet to always have your number easily accessible.

Georgi Dyulgerov, Flickr

March was Earth’s 10th warmest consecutive month on record

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March was Earth’s 10th warmest consecutive month on record

March was Earth’s 10th warmest consecutive month on record.

Since June 2023, Earth has been breaking heat records every month. Last month (March 2024) was the 10th consecutive month of record breaking.

Consider that this data was made public by the European observation program Copernicus, which studies the Earth temperatures.

Moreover, the temperature of the air and of the oceans was also historically high. Last month’s average was 14.14 ºC, 0.10 ºC above the previous record, which was registered in 2016.

When it comes to the global sea surface temperature, the average was 21.07 ºC, 1.58 ºC above the base level (the base level is the temperature that was registered at the end of the 19th century, right before the exponential increase of the usage of fossil fuels).

According to scientists, this increase should not be a surprise. They believe it has a lot to do with El Niño, which is a climatic phenomenon that heats up the center of the Pacific and changes global climate patterns. This year’s El Niño was especially strong and led to high temperatures.

However, most climate scientists and activists pin the increase on human action and the consequent gas emissions. According to them, this is the main cause of global warming, and without real change, things will remain the same.

Note that, in 2015, with the Paris Agreement, the global community established the objective of limiting global warming to 1.5 ºC, or less above the base level.

Portuguese nurses will go on strike

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Portuguese nurses will go on strike

The Portuguese nurses publicly announced that they will be on strike for five days, in the end of April/beginning of May.

Several union structures have called for a collective strike during the end of this month and the beginning of the next one. It will take place on April 26, 29, and 30 and May 2 and 3. Among the requests are a need for salary and career reviews and the recruitment of more professionals.

Furthermore, the nurses also ask for a new evaluation and performance model – one that minimizes risk by being fair, transparent, and executable. Hopefully, this will diminish the wear and tear of the profession and facilitate its integration within the public services.

The strike will cover the public, private, and social sectors, depending on the days. On the first day (April 26), it will happen in the North. On the second day (April 29) in the Azores, and on the third day (April 30) in Madeira. Last but not least, the fourth and fifth days (May 2 and 3) will cover the Center and the South of Portugal.

Note, however, that minimum services will be provided. ERs (emergency rooms), intensive care, ORs (operating rooms), and some oncological treatments will still be active and in operation.

What Are Conventual Sweets? A Guide to Portugal’s Delicious Desserts

Becky Gillespie
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What Are Conventual Sweets? A Guide to Portugal’s Delicious Desserts

Portugal boasts a rich tradition of conventual sweets, a cultural heritage that is deeply intertwined with the country’s history and culture. These delectable treats originate from the ingenious creativity of nuns and monks and have evolved into a diverse array of desserts that delight locals and visitors alike.

Let’s first examine the history and then explore some of the most iconic and mouth-watering conventual sweets that make up part of Portugal’s culinary heritage.  

What Is a Conventual Sweet?

A conventual sweet in Portugal refers to a dessert originally created in convents and monasteries. These sweets date back to the 15th century. Portuguese conventual sweets are distinct, using primarily egg yolks, abundant sugar, and minimal flour, resulting in exceptionally rich desserts.

This led to a diverse array of sweets, each with a unique story and origin, as the nuns and monks used these ingredients to create various pastries, cakes, and puddings.

Conventual sweets are an important part of Portugal’s culinary heritage. Some examples, which we list below, include the iconic Pastéis de Nata, commonly known as egg custard tarts, and “pão de ló,” a sponge cake.

The History of Portuguese Conventual Sweets

The notoriety of conventual sweets grew from the 15th century, fueled by the availability of sugar cane from Brazil and Madeira. Portugal, a significant egg producer in the 18th and 19th centuries, had an abundance of egg yolks due to the export of egg whites and their use in wine production and laundry. This surplus led convents to create a myriad of sweets for religious festivals and private sales.

Additionally, convents served as educational and refuge spaces, where nobles’ daughters, often joined by servants, contributed to the sweets’ preparation. This collaborative environment fostered the development and sharing of countless recipes. Thus, conventual sweets are rich in history and a beloved component of Portuguese culinary art.

The convents of the Poor Clares, Santa Clara, and the Carmelites created the most famous sweets. This would come in handy when religious orders were closed after 1834’s Liberal Revolution, forcing convents to sell sweets to survive. Nuns passed recipes to families or pastry shops. However, many recipes were lost or destroyed. Today, top pastry shops across Portugal guard their secret recipes closely.

Now that we’ve learned the history, let’s jump into some of the most well-known conventual sweets which you are likely to see in one of Portugal’s many pastry shops.

1. Pastel de Nata – The Quintessential Portuguese Tart

Pastel de Nata, a crunchy tart filled with a luscious egg cream, is a beloved symbol of Portuguese pastries and the most famous Portuguese food worldwide. Originating in the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, this dessert has captured the hearts of visitors from all over the world with its unique flavor and texture. Roasted to perfection and often dusted with cinnamon or powdered sugar, Pastel de Nata is a must-try for anyone seeking an authentic taste of Portugal.

Digital Nomad Guide to Lisbon, Portugal
Pastel de Nata. Photo by Diogo Nunes (Unsplash)

2. Ovos Moles – Soft Eggs from Aveiro

Ovos Moles, meaning “soft eggs,” is a traditional dessert hailing from Aveiro in central Portugal. Made from egg yolks and sugar, this delicacy is often shaped into intricate forms like shells, fish, or moliceiros (typical boats of Aveiro). Designated as a product with Protected Geographical Indication by the European Union, Ovos Moles offer a one-of-a-kind and delightful culinary experience.

Ovos moles from Aveiro, R G, Flickr

3. Bolo Rei – The Kings Cake of Christmas

Bolo Rei, or Kings Cake, is a festive delight enjoyed during Christmas and Epiphany in Portugal. This traditional cake, covered with nuts, dried fruits, and crystallized fruit, has a special place in Portuguese holiday celebrations. Perhaps it’s the fun tradition that adds a touch of excitement—if you find a fava bean, it means you’ll be responsible for the Kings Cake next year. Make sure you search for this bean when you enjoy a slice of cake.  

Bolo Rei spotted at Confeitaria Nacional, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Flickr

4. Pão de Ló de Ovar – The Decadent Sponge Cake

The Pão de Ló de Ovar is a traditional Portuguese sponge cake that comes from the town of Ovar, a town in Portugal. Known for its moist, fluffy texture and rich, eggy flavor, this delicacy is a beloved dessert across the country. It is often served during festive occasions and holidays, such as Easter. The cake’s distinctive feature is its slightly undercooked center, giving it a creamy consistency that sets it apart from other sponge cakes. If you have a penchant for Portuguese egg cream, this cake is guaranteed to captivate your taste buds.

Pão de Ló de Ovar, Marco Coelho, Flickr

5. Lampreia de Ovos – A Unique Christmas Treat

Lampreia de Ovos, a sweet replica of a terrifying sea monster made from 50 egg yolks, is a unique Christmas treat in Portugal. This dessert, with its intricate design that resembles the ancient lamprey fish, showcases the creativity and artistry of Portuguese pastry chefs. Adorned with candied cherry eyes, peeled almond teeth, and sugary egg threads, Lampreia de Ovos is a visual and gastronomic delight.

Lampreia de Ovos, Pastelaria Atlântico, Flickr

6. Cornucópias of Goodness – A Horn-Shaped Pastry

Cornucópias from Alcobaça’s Monastery in Alcobaça, a Portuguese city in the Leiria District, are exquisite delights. Crafted into horn-shaped, flaky pastry shells, they’re generously filled with a luscious sweet egg cream. These treats are deeply rooted in the country’s conventual confectionery tradition and embody the perfect balance of sweetness, making them a cherished dessert among locals and visitors alike.

Cornucópias, Ladymissmba, Flickr

7. Queijadas – The Perfect Snack That Varies by Region

Queijadas are a popular Portuguese treat, small in size but rich in flavor. They are traditional pastries made from a blend of cheese, eggs, milk, and sugar, all encased in a thin, crisp pastry shell. Different regions of Portugal each offer a unique take on the recipe and add local ingredients to the mix. Queijadas are especially beloved for their creamy, sweet filling and are commonly enjoyed as a snack or dessert accompanied by a strong cup of coffee.

Queijadas de Sintra,
hugovk, Flickr

8. Heavenly Bacon—Or Is It?

The “Toucinho do Céu,” which translates to “Bacon from Heaven,” is another delicious pastry that has its roots in the São Bento monastery in Murça, Trás-os-Montes, Ovidelas. Surprising many with its name, this treat actually contains no bacon! Instead, it is a sumptuous cake that blends grated almonds, sugar syrup, Gila candy, flour, and egg yolks into a rectangular, powdered sugar-dusted masterpiece. Its intriguing name stems from the original use of lard in its recipe, and this sweet has also become a traditional treat in Alentejo, Guimarães, and Évora.

Toucinho-do-céu de Murça (on top),
fotolegendas, Flickr

 

9. Pastel de Tentúgal from Nossa Senhora do Carmo Convent

The Pastel de Tentúgal is a renowned conventual sweet, born within the walls of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo Convent in Tentúgal, near Coimbra, and crafted by Carmelite nuns. This delicacy stands out as one of Portugal’s most celebrated conventual treats. It features a unique combination of crunchy filo pastry, encasing a soft, creamy filling of sweet egg cream. The contrast between the delicate, crisp layers and the rich, smooth center makes the Pastel de Tentúgal a divine culinary experience, beloved for its exquisite texture and flavor.

Pastel de Tentúgal, David Samuel Santos, Flickr

10. Pudim Abade de Priscos – A Clergyman Creates His Own Dessert

The Abade de Priscos pudding, a hallmark of Portuguese cuisine, owes its creation to Abbot Manuel Joaquim Rebelo in the 19th century, who served in Priscos, near Braga. Unlike many traditional sweets that originated in convents, this dessert was the innovation of a clergyman renowned for his exceptional culinary skills. Characterized by its rich egg content and the unconventional use of lard, the pudding boasts a uniquely silky texture and sweetness, offering a melt-in-the-mouth experience. Despite the surprising ingredient, the lard’s presence is cleverly masked, which contributes to the dessert’s divine quality without overpowering it.

Pudim do Abade de Priscos, esqueirinhos, Flickr

11. Brisas do Lis – A New Favorite

Brisas do Lis hold a special place in Leiria’s culinary tradition. Originating in the early 20th century, these sweets are made from egg yolk, sugar, and almonds. Although newer than many traditional recipes, they are highly cherished. They have repeatedly been named the “best conventual sweet” at Portuguese food events. This accolade underscores their significance in Portugal’s gastronomic scene.

Brisas do Lis,
Tiago Castro, Flickr

12. Pastel de Feijão – An Everyday Favorite from Torres Vedras

Like the pastel de nata, the Pastel de Feijão from Torres Vedras is considered an everyday classic among conventual sweets. Common in Lisbon’s pastry shops, it’s a favorite for a mid-afternoon coffee snack. This sweet is comprised of a smooth purée of white beans, almonds, egg yolks, and sugar. It is encased in a crispy dough shell and sometimes has a light dusting of confectioners’ sugar. This blend of flavors and textures has made it a beloved treat.

Pastel de Feijão, Torres Vedras CM, Flickr

 

Final Thoughts

Portugal’s conventual treats, like Brisas do Lis, Pastel de Feijão, and the world-famous pastel de nata, embody the rich culinary heritage of the country. These sweets blend traditional ingredients with centuries-old recipes and offer a taste of history in every bite. Whether enjoyed as a mid-afternoon snack or a festive treat, they continue to be a unique and well-loved part of Portuguese gastronomy. The next time that you walk into a pastry shop in Portugal, see if you can recognize any of these tasty sweets!

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