Moving to Europe is a dream for many, but choosing the right destination can shape your entire experience. Portugal and France both offer rich culture, strong infrastructure, and access to the European Union, yet they differ dramatically in size, climate, lifestyle, and cost of living. This guide compares the two countries side by side, and we will look at geography and residency options, taxes, healthcare, crime rates, and even the food to help you decide which European destination best fits your personal and professional goals.

Geography and Population

Portugal

Portugal is a modest-sized country by European standards, with a population of about 10.75 million as of 2024. The total land area covers around 92,230 square kilometers, including the Azores and Madeira islands. It sits on the western edge of Europe, bordered by Spain and the Atlantic Ocean. The country’s compact geography and smaller population make it easy to navigate and often less overwhelming than larger European nations.

France

France is much larger both in land and population. About 68.6 million people live across roughly 632,700 square kilometers of land. The country stretches from the English Channel to the Mediterranean and from the Pyrenees to the Alps. Its larger size means greater regional diversity, more cities and job opportunities, and a wider range of environments to choose from.

When comparing the two, Portugal’s smaller scale can mean simpler logistics and easier adjustment, while France’s size offers a wider array of cultural and economic options.

Transportation

Portugal

Portugal has several international airports in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, and Madeira, all of which handle large numbers of travelers. Lisbon Airport alone serves more than 35 million passengers annually. For a country of its size, the transportation network is efficient and well-suited to both tourism and long-term residents.

France

France has one of the most extensive airport networks in Europe, with hundreds of airports and airfields across the country. Paris’s Charles de Gaulle Airport is one of the busiest in the world, which handles over 70 million passengers annually. Regional airports make domestic and international travel highly convenient.

The Bottom Line – France wins in terms of total infrastructure, but Portugal’s airports provide excellent access for its smaller size, and travel within the country is easy and efficient.

Climate

Portugal

Portugal has a Mediterranean climate with warm summers, mild winters, and more than 300 days of sunshine. The southern Algarve region enjoys long, sunny seasons, while coastal cities like Lisbon and Porto remain mild year-round. Inland areas can get warmer in summer, and the islands have comfortable maritime climates.

France

France’s climate varies widely by region. The south has Mediterranean weather, the weather in the west is influenced by the ocean, the east and north have more continental climates, and the Alps bring snowy winters. This variation makes France appealing to those who want to hit the beach in the summers and ski in the winters.

The Bottom Line – Portugal offers a more consistent, sunny climate that appeals to those looking for warmth and mild winters, while France offers variety and contrast.

Visa and Residency Options

Portugal

Portugal offers several appealing visa options for non-EU citizens:

• The D7 Visa allows retirees, remote workers, and individuals with stable passive income to live in Portugal. After five years of residency, holders can apply for permanent residence or citizenship.
• The Golden Visa provides residency through qualifying investment options.
• Student visas allow international students to study in Portugal and potentially transition to other residency types later.

Portugal’s residency routes are known for being accessible and flexible, which makes it easier for retirees and digital nomads to relocate.

France

France also provides visas for work, study, entrepreneurship, and family reunification, but its process is more bureaucratic and requires more documentation. Residency often depends on employment or study, although certain visas exist for investors and professionals. After five years of continuous legal residence, one can typically apply for citizenship.

The Bottom Line – Portugal’s D7 and Golden Visa programs make it more accessible for people with passive income or remote work arrangements. France offers more traditional pathways that favor workers and students.

Years Required to Obtain Citizenship

Portugal

Citizenship is usually available after five years of legal residency, provided the applicant meets language and residency requirements. However, proposed legislation may increase this period to ten years for most non-Portuguese-speaking nationals.

France

France also requires five years of continuous legal residence before applying for citizenship, though this can be shortened for those who study in France or make special contributions.

Verdict – Both countries currently have five-year paths to citizenship, though Portugal’s process could change. France’s rules are stable but require much more documentation. 

Tax Rates and Income Tax Comparison

Portugal

Portugal has a progressive income tax system ranging from about 12.5% to 48%. The country previously offered the Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) program, which granted tax advantages to new residents, especially for foreign pensions and income. Although that program has been phased out, there is now an updated version known as NHR 2.0, which continues to provide certain benefits for skilled professionals and foreign investors under revised rules.

In addition to income tax, Portugal requires employees and employers to make social security contributions. Employees contribute approximately 11% of their gross salary, while employers contribute around 23.75%. These payments fund public healthcare, unemployment benefits, pensions, and other social programs. Self-employed individuals generally pay a social contribution rate of 21.4% on declared income.

Despite these contributions, Portugal’s total tax burden remains lower than that of most Western European nations. The system is considered fair and predictable, and the combination of lower living costs and moderate taxes makes Portugal an attractive destination for retirees, digital nomads, and remote workers.

France

France has progressive income tax rates up to about 45%, plus social contributions that significantly increase the overall tax burden. These social charges, known as cotisations sociales, can add roughly 17% to 23% to an individual’s taxable income depending on the type of income and employment.

High earners often face effective rates exceeding 50%. However, these contributions fund one of the most comprehensive social welfare systems in Europe, including universal healthcare, generous parental leave, unemployment protection, and state pensions. While the French system is more expensive to sustain, it provides extensive coverage and a high standard of public services.

Bottom Line – Portugal generally offers a lighter overall tax burden, especially for retirees and remote workers, while France’s higher taxes support a broader network of social benefits. For those looking for lower taxes and simpler administration, Portugal has the upper hand. Those who value comprehensive welfare coverage and social protections may find France’s system worth the higher cost.

Ease of Moving Around the Country

Portugal

Portugal’s compact size makes traveling between cities fast and convenient. The country has an efficient rail and highway system connecting Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra, and the Algarve. Domestic flights are quick, and public transportation in major cities is reliable and affordable.

France

France’s transportation network is world-class. The TGV high-speed train connects cities across the country in hours, and domestic flights and highways are extensive. However, the larger scale means longer travel times and higher costs for interregional trips.

Bottom Line – Portugal’s smaller scale and excellent infrastructure make moving around simple and affordable. France’s system is impressive but more complex and costly due to its size.

Crime Rates

Portugal

Portugal consistently ranks among the safest countries in the world, with low crime rates and minimal violent crime. The country has a strong reputation for public safety, especially in smaller towns and coastal areas. Violent crime is rare, and most reported incidents involve minor thefts or scams in tourist-heavy areas such as Lisbon and Porto. Law enforcement maintains a visible but non-intrusive presence, and locals often describe Portugal as a place where people feel safe walking at night.

France

France, while generally safe and well-policed, experiences higher overall crime rates compared to Portugal. Urban centers like Paris, Marseille, Lyon, and Nice report more frequent incidents of petty theft, pickpocketing, and property crime, particularly around tourist attractions and public transport hubs. Violent crime is uncommon but tends to be concentrated in certain urban districts. The French police maintain a large and well-organized force, and the government actively invests in public safety and surveillance systems. However, demonstrations and strikes (which are common in France’s political culture) can occasionally lead to unrest or property damage in large cities.

Bottom Line – Portugal has a clear advantage in safety and peace of mind, especially for families and retirees. While France remains secure overall, its larger cities experience higher rates of theft and minor crime. This makes Portugal the more tranquil and consistently safe choice for those prioritizing security and a relaxed lifestyle.

Politics

Portugal

Portugal is a parliamentary republic known for political stability, democratic governance, and moderate policies. Debates around immigration and housing have grown, but the country remains open and stable overall.

France

France is a major global power with a strong democratic tradition, but its political environment is more polarized. Protests and strikes are frequent, and debates on immigration and secularism can be intense.

Verdict – Portugal feels calmer and less politically charged, while France’s politics reflect its larger scale and global role.

Passport and Mobility

Portugal

A Portuguese passport provides visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to approximately 186 countries worldwide, which makes it one of the most powerful global passports. Citizens also benefit from full rights to live and work across the European Union. Under Brazilian law for citizens of Portuguese speaking countries, it is also possible to apply for Brazilian citizenship after one year of legal residence in Brazil, subject to meeting the legal criteria. 

France

The French passport offers visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to around 187 destinations, outranking Portugal by one country. It also grants full EU citizenship rights and is considered one of the strongest passports in the world.

Bottom Line – Both passports deliver exceptional global mobility and full EU privileges. Portugal’s citizenship route may be easier to access for many expats and still offers near top-tier travel freedom. France offers slightly broader visa-free access and the prestige of its long-standing global reputation. For expats looking for ease of entry and high mobility, Portugal remains a standout choice. For those that prioritize maximum travel freedom combined with a legacy of global influence, France is the more powerful option, especially considering the territories around the world that remain under French sovereignty. 

Healthcare

Portugal

Portugal’s public healthcare system (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, or SNS) provides universal coverage and good quality care. Many residents also opt for affordable private health insurance for faster service. Costs are generally low, and healthcare quality in major cities is high.

France

France is widely known for having one of the best healthcare systems in the world. Care is excellent, and the government covers a large portion of medical expenses. However, taxes and social charges that fund this system are high.

Bottom Line – France has the edge in quality and access, but Portugal offers strong healthcare at a much lower cost of living.

Food and Lifestyle

Portugal

Portugal’s cuisine features seafood, fresh produce, and regional specialties like bacalhau, grilled sardines, and pastel de nata. The pace of life is relaxed, and eating out is affordable. The overall lifestyle emphasizes simplicity, community, and enjoyment of daily life.

France

France’s cuisine is world-famous, from Parisian bakeries to regional wines and cheeses. The food culture is deeply ingrained in everyday life. However, living costs, particularly in major cities, can be high.

Bottom Line – France’s culinary tradition is unmatched, but Portugal offers a more affordable and relaxed lifestyle with great food and wine of its own.

Our Winner – Portugal!

After reviewing all categories, Portugal emerges as our No. 1 choice for most people considering a move to Europe. Here’s why:

Portugal’s D7 visa and investment options make it far easier for retirees, digital nomads, and investors to relocate compared to France’s more rigid system. The cost of living, housing, and everyday expenses in Portugal are significantly lower, making it ideal for those seeking quality of life on a reasonable budget.

Portugal’s low crime rate, warm climate, and friendly communities make it one of Europe’s most comfortable countries to live in. While France’s tax system supports excellent public services, Portugal’s lower rates and past expat-friendly programs provide more flexibility for newcomers.A combination of great weather, healthy food, and a welcoming culture makes Portugal a country where many expats not only relocate but thrive.

Final Thoughts

France remains a wonderful country with culture, history, and global influence. It excels in healthcare, cuisine, and diversity, and it offers extraordinary opportunities for those seeking professional careers or city life. However, for most individuals looking for the best balance of climate, cost, safety, and accessibility, Portugal stands out as the better all-around choice for a new life in Europe.

Which would you choose? Let us know in the comments!

When it comes to global freedom, few passports carry more weight than Portugal’s. In fact, it now ranks No. 6 in the world and even No. 3 in some rankings! With the Portuguese passport, you can obtain visa-free access to the Schengen Zone and the ability to live and work anywhere in the EU, free or discounted health care and university within the EU, the ability to purchase land in the EU compared to only apartments or condominiums, and a fast track toward Brazilian citizenship. In contrast, while the U.S. passport remains powerful, it comes with heavier tax burdens and fewer rights abroad. In this article, you will see how the two passports compare in travel, taxation, and lifestyle, and why many Americans are seeking dual citizenship in Portugal.

Table of Contents

1. Global Passport Rankings: Portugal vs. the United States

2. The European Passport Advantage

• • Schengen Zone and Free Movement
  • Right to Live, Work, and Study Anywhere in the EU
  • Property Ownership and Investment
  • Healthcare, Education, and Social Benefits
  • EHIC: European Health Insurance Card

3. Visa Advantages: Where U.S. Citizens Pay and Portuguese Citizens Do Not

• • Namibia
  • Bolivia
  • Other Notable Examples

4. Countries That U.S. Citizens Are Barred or Restricted From Visiting

• • North Korea
  • Cuba
  • Broader Sanctions and Restrictions

5. Tax and Residency Differences

6. The Brazil Connection – Apple for a Brazilian Passport after One Year

7. The Trade-Offs and Disadvantages

8. Let’s Compare Portugal vs. the United States

9. Conclusion

1. Global Passport Rankings – Portugal vs. the United States

In 2025, the Portuguese passport ranks among the top five globally, with visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 186 countries. The U.S. passport is slightly lower, with access to about 180 destinations. For comparison, Singapore ranked No. 1 in at the time of this writing with visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 192 countries (Henley Passport Index).

While the gap in ranking may look small, the quality of rights attached to EU citizenship, including residence and work authorization across the EU, makes the Portuguese passport more versatile for real life planning and relocation.

2. The European Passport Advantage

The real power of a Portuguese passport comes from EU citizenship. These rights extend well beyond the convenience of travel and will improve your everyday life across Europe.

Schengen Zone and Free Movement

Portuguese citizens can live, work, and travel across the Schengen Area without border checks or time limits. U.S. passport holders are restricted to 90 days in any 180-day period across the entire Schengen area unless they obtain a residence permit. As of October 12, 2025, non-EU citizens will begin requiring fingerprints and facial scans upon entry into the Schengen Area.

Right to Live, Work, and Study Anywhere in the EU

A Portuguese passport grants the right to live and work in any EU or EEA country without a separate work visa. Students benefit from domestic tuition rates instead of higher international fees.

Property Ownership and Investment

EU citizens can buy land or property in the EU often under the same conditions as locals. Americans may face restrictions or different tax treatment in certain markets.

Healthcare, Education, and Social Benefits

1. Public healthcare – EU citizens can access public systems that are free or subsidized once resident.
2. Education – Many EU universities charge minimal or no tuition for EU citizens.
3. Social benefits – Depending on residence and contributions, EU citizens may qualify for pensions, unemployment support, and family benefits.

EHIC – European Health Insurance Card

With the European Health Insurance Card, Portuguese citizens receive necessary state provided care during temporary stays in other EU and EEA countries at local rates, often at little or no cost.

3. Visa Advantages – Where U.S. Citizens Pay and Portuguese Citizens Do Not

Both the U.S. and Portuguese passports provide broad access worldwide. Even so, there are several countries where Americans must pay for visas while Portuguese citizens enter without fees or with simpler procedures.

While both U.S. and Portuguese passports open doors across much of the world, there are still several countries where Americans face visa or entry fees that Portuguese citizens do not. The differences often stem from reciprocity agreements, regional partnerships, or visa-waiver policies tied to the European Union.

In Brazil, Americans once enjoyed visa-free travel, but that changed in April 2025 when Brazil reinstated visa requirements for U.S. visitors. Travelers from the United States must now apply for an electronic visa costing about 80 dollars. Portuguese citizens, however, continue to enjoy visa-free entry for up to 90 days for tourism or business under long-standing agreements between the two countries.

In China, U.S. citizens must obtain a visa before traveling, paying around 140 dollars for a single entry. Meanwhile, Portuguese travelers currently benefit from a temporary visa-free program allowing stays of up to 30 days for tourism, business, or family visits through the end of 2025. This temporary exemption makes China one of the most notable examples where European Union passport holders enjoy smoother and cheaper access than Americans.

Australia also differentiates between the two. U.S. citizens must obtain an Electronic Travel Authority (ETA), which includes a 20-Australian-dollar service charge. Portuguese citizens, as members of the European Union, qualify for a separate electronic visa called the eVisitor, which is entirely free. Both authorizations are digital and easy to apply for, but the small cost difference adds up for frequent travelers.

In Bolivia, the disparity is larger. Americans must apply for a tourist visa, paying 160 dollars whether at the consulate or on arrival. Portuguese citizens, in contrast, can enter visa-free for short tourism stays. This reflects a policy Bolivia reserves for many EU countries but not for the United States.

Finally, The Gambia requires U.S. citizens to pay either 108 dollars for a visa on arrival or up to 200 dollars when applying through an embassy. Portuguese passport holders, however, can stay visa-free for up to 90 days, a privilege extended to several European countries under regional and bilateral agreements. As with many nations in Africa, visa requirements can shift suddenly, so even Portuguese citizens are advised to verify entry rules before traveling.

4. Countries That U.S. Citizens Are Barred or Restricted From Visiting

North Korea

U.S. citizens are prohibited from using a U.S. passport to travel to North Korea without special approval. Portuguese citizens can apply through approved channels, although travel remains highly restricted for all nationalities.

Cuba

General tourism to Cuba is not permitted for U.S. citizens. Travel is limited to licensed categories such as education or journalism. Portuguese citizens can visit for tourism and can apply for a visa known as a Cuba Tourist Card. This electronic visa (e-visa) can be applied for online before travel, though a passport valid for at least six months from the arrival date and a blank passport page are also required. 

Broader Sanctions and Restrictions

Countries subject to heightened U.S. sanctions and diplomatic tensions, such as Iran or Syria, often present extra obstacles for U.S. travelers. Portuguese citizens may face different rules that reflect EU policy, which can provide alternative paths in some cases.

5. Tax and Residency Differences

U.S. citizens must file annual tax returns and report worldwide income regardless of where they live. Portuguese citizens only pay Portuguese tax if they are tax resident in Portugal for that year. Non residents generally do not file Portuguese returns unless they have Portuguese source income. This difference reduces compliance burdens and offers more flexibility for mobile EU citizens. Keep in mind that if you hold a U.S. passport and a Portuguese passport, you will still need to file U.S. Tax returns even if you are not resident.  

6. The Brazil Connection – Apply for a Brazilian Passport after One Year

Portuguese citizens benefit from a special pathway to Brazilian nationality. Under Brazilian law for citizens of Portuguese speaking countries, it is possible to apply for Brazilian citizenship after one year of legal residence in Brazil, subject to meeting the legal criteria. This creates a unique bridge between Europe and South America. For U.S. citizens, standard naturalization timelines require substantial investment or foreign nationals must usually reside in Brazil legally and continuously for four years before applying

Another advantage of gaining Brazilian citizenship through this pathway is automatic access to the Mercosur trade bloc (member countries), which includes Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and several associate members across South America. As a Brazilian citizen, you can live, work, and study freely in Mercosur member countries without needing a work visa.

The Mercosur Residence Agreement extends its privileges beyond full members to include Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as associate participants. Together, they form a nine-nation area where citizens can gain residency through a straightforward process that requires only proof of nationality and a clean criminal record.

This expanded mobility offers Portuguese citizens who acquire Brazilian nationality a unique dual reach: full access to the European Union and much of South America, connecting two of the world’s largest regional markets and cultural spheres.

7. The Trade-Offs and Disadvantages

While there are numerous advantages to holding a Portuguese passport, there are also some disadvantages. Average salaries in Portugal and parts of Europe are lower than in the United States. European housing tends to be smaller and more expensive per square meter. In addition, many EU countries have higher income taxes and social contributions, with fewer deductions for small businesses. Paperwork, in person procedures, and language barriers can also slow things down. Finally, extended time abroad or renunciation can affect access to certain American programs and advantages.

8. Let’s Compare Portugal vs. the United States

9. Conclusion

The Portuguese passport offers several international advantages. It opens Europe’s borders, simplifies residency and healthcare, and even creates a path to Brazilian citizenship. The U.S. passport remains one of the strongest in the world, but for people seeking the freedom to live and work abroad without heavy compliance burdens, Portuguese citizenship offers broader and more flexible options. For many global citizens, it is a doorway to new opportunities.

Portugal’s Parliament has approved a new version of the Foreigner’s Law, officially called the decree establishing the legal framework for the entry, stay, departure, and removal of foreigners from the national territory. The previous version of this law was rejected by the Constitutional Court, but lawmakers have now made amendments and passed it with 160 votes in favor and 70 against. The President of the Republic can still approve it, veto it, or once again request Constitutional Court review.

It is important to note that the new changes approved do not resolve or include one of the most highly anticipated issues: the change in the time required to obtain Portuguese citizenship. That separate proposal, first introduced in June 2025, seeks to increase the minimum residency requirement from five years to seven for CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) citizens, and from five to ten years for others. Parliament has not yet voted on this issue. A final decision is still pending.

In the meantime, here are the eight most important points you need to know about the changes that were approved in the new Foreigner’s Law.

1. Family reunification rules have been adjusted.

Family reunification is one of the most significant areas of change. The first version of the law that required two years of residence in Portugal of the primary applicant before applying for family reunification has been dropped in certain cases. If couples have minor or incapacitated children, they may now request reunification immediately. For other cases without children, the waiting time has been reduced to one year. Couples in stable unions without children must now show 18 months of prior cohabitation outside Portugal and a minimum of 15 months of legal residence in Portugal before applying.

2. AIMA now has nine months to make decisions on family reunification. 

The Migration and Asylum Integration Agency (AIMA) now has nine months to issue a decision on family reunification requests, an increase from the previous three-month deadline. Extensions may only be granted in exceptional cases, and applicants must be notified if this occurs. This change is intended to provide clarity, but critics argue that it could delay reunification in practice.

3. There are now stricter rules to ensure valid marriages.

The law introduces stricter rules to ensure that marriages or partnerships used to request family reunification are legally valid under Portuguese law. Forced marriages, marriages involving minors, or polygamous marriages will not be accepted. This provision is meant to protect vulnerable individuals and align with national legal standards.

4. Housing requirements are now stricter.

Applicants for family reunification must now prove that they have adequate housing, either owned or rented, that meets normal standards for a comparable family in the same region. Housing must also comply with safety and health regulations. This is a shift from the previous rule, which only required proof of “accommodation.”

5. Proof of livelihoods and renewals have changed.

Applicants still need to prove they have sufficient means of subsistence to qualify for family reunification. However, social benefits cannot be counted toward this calculation. Furthermore, when renewing a residence permit for family reunification, applicants must again prove that they meet the same requirements, including adequate housing and financial stability. Renewal also requires demonstrating knowledge of Portuguese language, constitutional principles, and values.

6. Work visas are now limited to highly qualified professions.

The law now restricts standard work visas to “highly qualified professionals.” The government has not yet published the full list of qualifying professions. Previously, work visas were more broadly available and were among the most common pathways for entry. This change is expected to have a major impact on labor migration flows.

7. New rules have been enacted for CPLP citizens.

Citizens of Portuguese-speaking countries will no longer be allowed to enter Portugal as tourists and later apply for residence while already in the country. From now on, they must apply directly through Portuguese consulates before entering. This closes a commonly used path to residence that was popular among CPLP nationals.

8. Bilateral agreements and integration measures

The law allows Portugal to negotiate bilateral agreements with other countries to streamline work visas in strategic sectors like agriculture, construction, and trade. These agreements may include pre-departure training, Portuguese language classes, and recruitment channels. Additionally, integration measures, such as participation in integration programs, are now mandatory after the issuance of a residence permit and required for its renewal, except in cases where absence is not the applicant’s fault.

Frequently Asked Questions About the New Foreigner’s Law

1. Does this affect Golden Visa holders?
Golden Visa holders are exempt from the waiting period for family reunification. They can apply for reunification without having to meet the one-year or 15-month requirements that apply to other residents.

2. How long do I have to wait before applying for family reunification?
It depends on your situation:

• If you have minor or incapacitated children, you can apply immediately.
• If you are married or in a recognized partnership without children, you must show 18 months of cohabitation abroad and at least 15 months of residence in Portugal.
• For other family members, the waiting time is generally one year.

3. What happens if my family reunification application is delayed?
AIMA has nine months to issue a decision. This is longer than before, but the law requires that any extensions must be justified and applicants must be informed.

4. What kind of housing proof do I need?
You must show that your accommodation is either owned or rented and meets the normal standards for a comparable family in your area. It must also comply with health and safety rules. Simply stating that you have accommodation is no longer enough.

5. Do I need to show financial stability every time I renew my permit?
Yes. For renewals, you must prove that you still have sufficient means of subsistence and proper housing. Social benefits are not counted as part of your income. You must also demonstrate knowledge of Portuguese language and constitutional values.

6. Will it be harder to get a work visa?
Yes. Work visas are now restricted to highly qualified professionals. The government has not yet published the official list of professions, but this change is expected to limit access for many workers who previously relied on standard work visas.

7. Can CPLP citizens still apply for residence after entering as tourists?
No. Citizens from Portuguese-speaking countries must now apply for residence through Portuguese consulates before entering Portugal. They can no longer arrive as tourists and then switch to residence status once in the country.

8. What about citizenship? Have these new changes to the law changed the requirements or time to receive citizenship?
Not yet. Parliament will debate citizenship rules separately. The government has proposed extending the time needed for nationality to seven years for CPLP citizens and ten years for all other foreigners, but no final decision has been made.

Conclusion

The new Foreigner’s Law marks a significant tightening of Portugal’s immigration framework. Family reunification will remain possible, but with stricter conditions and longer waiting times in many cases. Work visas will be harder to obtain, with a focus on highly qualified professionals. CPLP nationals will also face new barriers, as they will no longer be able to switch from tourist status to resident status once inside the country.

While these changes are now set to take effect once the President signs them into law, the debate over citizenship rules is still ongoing. For many immigrants in Portugal, the most crucial question (whether the path to Portuguese nationality will become longer) remains unanswered. Until Parliament decides on that issue, uncertainty will continue.