Portugal is famous for its simple dishes that still pack quite a flavor punch, and few examples illustrate this better than the bifana. Much like its beefy cousin, the prego, the bifana is a straightforward yet deeply satisfying sandwich that has earned its rightful place in the stomachs of the Portuguese. This sensational sandwich never lets you forget it: whether you’re standing at a counter in Lisbon or at a festival in the Alentejo, you are bound to bump into the bifana. Let’s learn more about it and then how to make it ourselves.
What Is a Bifana Sandwich?
The bifana is a pork sandwich, typically made from thin slices of marinated pork cooked in a garlicky, wine-based sauce. It’s served inside a crusty Portuguese roll (papo seco or carcaça) that soaks up all the flavorful juices. The result is tender, tangy meat inside warm, slightly chewy bread – the perfect balance of texture and taste (in our humble opinion).
Unlike the prego, which uses beef and highlights the flavor of the steak itself, the bifana focuses on its sauce. The pork is gently simmered in a mixture of garlic, white wine, paprika, and sometimes piri-piri for heat. The sauce clings to the meat and seeps into the bread, which makes every bite a burst of Portuguese flavor.
Who Created the Bifana?
The exact origins of the bifana are often debated, but many credit the city of Vendas Novas in the Alentejo region for perfecting it. According to local tradition, the first bifanas were made by simmering pork in lard and garlic, then serving it on bread as a quick, hearty snack for travelers. Over time, this modest sandwich spread across the country and evolved into countless regional interpretations.
Today, the bifana is a national staple. You’ll find it in cafés, tascas (small family-run eateries), food trucks, and festival stands throughout Portugal. It’s eaten at all hours of the day (and we mean all hours) – at lunch, after work, or late at night after a few beers. Many locals swear by it as the perfect hangover cure.
Like the prego, the bifana transcends more meal and has become baked into the social rituals of Portugal itself. It’s what you order while chatting with friends at the counter, with a small beer or glass of vinho tinto on the side.
The Lisbon Bifana vs. Bifanas from the Rest of Portugal
While the bifana is beloved throughout the country, the way it’s prepared can vary dramatically from one region to another.
Lisbon’s Version
In Lisbon, the bifana is typically juicy and bold. The pork is simmered in a garlicky sauce made with white wine, vinegar, and piri-piri. The sauce is often kept bubbling in a pot all day continuing to be enriched with flavor as new pieces of meat are added. The bread is dipped in the sauce before being filled, giving it a slightly soggy but incredibly flavorful texture. The result is a spicy, messy sandwich that drips down your fingers in the best possible way. The most famous place to try it is Casa das Bifanas near Rossio Square, where locals have been standing at the counter since the early 20th century.
Northern and Central Versions
Head north to Porto, and you’ll find the bifana takes on a milder personality. Here, the sauce tends to be thicker and darker made with more paprika and less vinegar. Some versions are closer to a gravy, coating the meat with a rich glaze rather than soaking the bread completely. The bread in northern Portugal is often sturdier too and can stand up to the heartier sauce.
In the Alentejo, where the sandwich may have originated, the bifana pork is cooked slowly in lard and garlic rather than wine. This allows the natural flavor of the meat to shine. It’s less spicy and more buttery with a pronounced richness that reflects the agricultural traditions of the region.
Modern chefs have taken the bifana in new directions too. Some have added caramelized onions, melted cheese, or even a fried egg. However, purists will tell you “the simpler, the better” and we tend to agree.
How to Make a Traditional Bifana
Ingredients (for 2 sandwiches)
4 thin slices of pork (loin or shoulder)
3 cloves of garlic, minced
½ cup dry white wine
2 tablespoons olive oil or lard
1 teaspoon paprika
Salt and pepper to taste
Piri-piri sauce (optional, for heat)
2 Portuguese rolls (papo secos)
Instructions
Marinate the Pork Combine the garlic, paprika, wine, salt, and pepper in a bowl. Add the pork slices and let them marinate for at least an hour (but overnight is even better, if possible).
Cook the Meat Heat the olive oil or lard in a pan over medium heat. Add the marinated pork and cook for a few minutes on each side until golden. Pour in the remaining marinade and let it simmer until the sauce slightly thickens.
Assemble the Sandwich Slice the rolls and, if you’re doing it Lisbon style, dip the inside briefly into the sauce. Place the pork inside, drizzle a bit more sauce over the top, and serve immediately. Add mustard or piri-piri sauce if desired (see below).
Mustard on the Side?
Mustard is a very common condiment served with bifanas, especially in Lisbon and the south of Portugal. It’s often paired with piri-piri sauce, which gives you the chance to adjust the flavor and spice it to your liking. While some bifana purists may say that only the marinated pork and its garlicky wine sauce are essential, many consider mustard an inseparable part of the experience. In fact, some say that the only truly necessary ingredients for a proper bifana are bread, mustard, and a well-cooked pork steak. In northern regions like Porto, mustard tends to be optional, but in the south, expect to find mustard adding tang and warmth to each bite.
Bifana, Beira Gare, Lisbon, mmyoso, Flickr
The Prego: Your Next Sandwich Endeavor?
If you enjoyed learning about the bifana, why not try to make bifana’s first cousin – the prego? Whether you’re team prego or team bifana, one thing is certain: Portugal knows how to put magic between two slices of bread.
Few events in financial history are as astonishing as the Portuguese Bank Note Scandal of 1925. It was a real-life story of deception so extraordinary that it almost sounds like fiction. At the center of the plot was a man named Artur Virgílio Alves Reis, a clever and ambitious Portuguese fraudster who managed to convince one of the world’s most respected printing companies to produce legitimate Portuguese banknotes based on forged documents. The result was a wave of chaos that shook Portugal’s economy, toppled political stability, and helped pave the way for a new dictatorship.
What follows are fifteen incredible facts about this unbelievable episode in Portuguese history.
1. Artur Alves Reis started out as a poor young man with big ambitions.
Born in Lisbon in 1896, Reis grew up in a modest household but dreamed of a life filled with wealth and influence. He briefly attended engineering school but dropped out after his first year. He later forged a diploma from a fake institution called the “Oxford Polytechnic School of Engineering” so he could present himself as a legitimate engineer.
2. His first major crime happened in Angola years before the bank note scheme.
Before he became famous for his financial deception, Reis was already dabbling in fraud. While living in Portuguese Angola, he forged checks and manipulated accounts to gain control of a company called Companhia Ambaca. He was eventually caught and arrested but managed to secure an early release after only a few weeks in jail. During his time behind bars, he began to develop the outline for what would become one of the boldest crimes in world history.
3. The core of his plan was not to counterfeit money but to print real notes using forged authorization.
Unlike typical counterfeiters, Alves Reis realized that he did not need to print fake notes if he could trick the right people. He forged a contract that appeared to be from the Banco de Portugal. This authorized him to print new 500-escudo bank notes for use in the colony of Angola. This document looked completely authentic and included fabricated signatures and stamps from bank officials and the Portuguese government. Alves Reis took the forged papers to the respected London printing company Waterlow & Sons, which at the time printed official Portuguese currency. Believing the documents were real, the company agreed to produce the notes.
In other words, Alves Reis was not counterfeiting money in the traditional sense. The notes were real, printed on the same paper with the same ink and equipment as the legitimate ones, but they were ordered under false pretenses.
Portuguese 500 escudos banknote, 1922. One of the banknotes fraudulently issued by Alves dos Reis in 1925, Public Domain
4. The amount of money printed was so large that it equaled nearly one percent of Portugal’s economy!
The contract authorized the printing of about 200,000 banknotes, each worth 500 escudos. That amounted to a total face value of 100 million escudos, which was close to one percent of Portugal’s entire gross domestic product at the time! The enormous scale of this scheme made it one of the most damaging financial crimes ever attempted in Europe.
5. He created a fake development bank to launder the money.
To move the new cash into circulation without raising suspicion, Alves Reis established a front company called the Banco de Angola e Metrópole. Officially, it was meant to promote investment and development between Portugal and its African colony, Angola. In reality, it was a way to distribute and launder the illicitly printed money. Reis and his partners used the funds to buy property, invest in businesses, and even acquire shares in the Banco de Portugal itself. His ambition was so vast that he hoped to take control of the central bank from within.
6. For months, the scheme worked perfectly.
The forged notes flowed freely into the Portuguese economy. Because they were identical to genuine notes, banks and merchants accepted them without hesitation. Reis used the cash to fund numerous ventures, including real estate, transportation, and agriculture. He even became known for his generosity and charm. He donated to charities, hosted elegant parties – what was not to like? Lisbon’s elite began to view him as a rising financial genius. Nobody suspected that his growing empire was built on deception.
7. The discovery of duplicate serial numbers exposed the entire plot.
The downfall of the operation came from an unavoidable detail: serial numbers. Because the fake notes were printed using real templates, they duplicated serial numbers already assigned to legitimate currency. Eventually, bankers noticed two identical 500-escudo notes with the same serial code. When the Banco de Portugal began to investigate, the shocking truth emerged. A large portion of the nation’s circulating currency had been illegally printed!
Counterfeit 500 escudo note (upper) and a genuine banknote (lower) of Banco de Portugal. Both carry the same serial number of 1K 02201, 1922. On display at the British Museum in London, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), Wikimedia Commons
8. The scandal caused a nationwide panic and a financial crisis.
Once news of the duplicated banknotes spread, public trust in the Portuguese financial system collapsed. People rushed to withdraw their savings, and the value of the escudo plummeted. The Banco de Portugal was forced to recall every 500-escudo note in circulation within a few weeks. Businesses struggled to determine which bills were valid and which were part of the forgery. The crisis sent shockwaves through Portugal’s economy and shattered confidence in the country’s institutions.
Crowds rush to the Bank of Portugal building in Lisbon, to exchange the fraudulent banknotes (8 December 1925), Wikimedia Commons
9. The British printing company was sued and forced to pay huge damages.
The Banco de Portugal filed a lawsuit against Waterlow & Sons in the British courts, claiming that the company had printed the notes negligently. After a long and complicated legal battle, the court ruled in favor of Portugal. Waterlow & Sons was ordered to pay damages of more than £600,000, which was an enormous sum at the time. The case became one of the most famous corporate lawsuits in British legal history.
10. The scandal contributed to the fall of Portugal’s First Republic.
The fraud came at a moment of growing political instability. The Portuguese public was outraged, not only at the deception but also at the government’s apparent incompetence in preventing it. In 1926, only a year after the scandal broke, a military coup overthrew the fragile First Republic and began a new era of authoritarian rule. The chain of events eventually led to the long dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar, who would dominate Portuguese politics for decades.
11. Artur Alves Reis lived like a king during his short reign as a fake millionaire.
While his scheme lasted, Reis enjoyed incredible luxury. He purchased mansions in Lisbon, filled his home with fine art, and drove expensive automobiles. He even built a collection of properties in the countryside and funded numerous public works to boost his public image. He became known as one of the wealthiest men in Portugal, admired by many who had no idea that his fortune was based on fraud.
12. His partners came from across Europe and included diplomats, traders, and businessmen.
Reis did not act alone. His closest associates included José Bandeira, a Portuguese trader who used his diplomatic connections to add legitimacy to the forged documents. Others included a Dutch businessman named Karel Marang and a German trader named Adolph Hennies. Each played a role in distributing the money and managing the growing network of fake investments. When the fraud was discovered, some fled the country while others faced prison sentences alongside Reis.
13. The press exposed the scandal after months of rumors.
In the fall of 1925, Portuguese journalists began noticing strange financial activities surrounding the Banco de Angola e Metrópole. Reporters from the Lisbon newspaper O Século launched an investigation and found irregularities in the company’s operations. On December 5, 1925, the paper published a front-page article revealing the massive fraud. The next day, authorities raided the bank, seized documents, and arrested Alves Reis. The front-page headline declared, “The Country in Crisis,” capturing the public shock that followed.
14. Alves Reis was sentenced to twenty years in prison but served only ten.
His trial began in 1930 and attracted huge attention. Despite his confident defense, the evidence was overwhelming. He was sentenced to twenty years in prison, the maximum penalty for fraud in Portugal at the time. After serving ten years, he was released in 1945 for good behavior. In his later years, he lived quietly and never regained his former influence. He died of a heart attack in Lisbon in 1955 at the age of 59.
15. The scandal remains one of the most extraordinary frauds in modern history.
The Portuguese Bank Note Scandal is remembered not just for its size but for its sheer audacity. Alves Reis did not rely on crude counterfeiting. Instead, he exploited weaknesses in bureaucracy and trust. He proved that confidence, paperwork, and presentation could be as powerful as ink and paper. The affair has since been studied by economists, historians, and criminologists as an example of how fragile financial systems can be when oversight and verification are weak.
Why This Story Still Matters
The story of Artur Alves Reis is both fascinating and frightening. It demonstrates how an ambitious individual with a deep understanding of systems and psychology can manipulate entire institutions. By exploiting trust, bureaucracy, and colonial politics, Reis created chaos that reached from Lisbon to London and beyond.
The scandal revealed how vulnerable financial institutions can be when checks and balances fail. It also showed that economic crimes do not just hurt banks. They can also alter the political course of a nation. In Portugal’s case, the resulting loss of public faith helped usher in decades of authoritarian rule.
Today, collectors still hunt for the infamous 500-escudo notes, which are prized relics of one of the boldest crimes ever attempted. The story endures as a reminder that the most dangerous frauds are not the ones printed in secret basements, but those committed in plain sight, wrapped in the appearance of legitimacy.
The Portuguese Bank Note Scandal remains an almost unbelievable tale of ambition, intelligence, and deception so daring that it nearly brought a nation to its knees. It is truly one of the greatest financial stories you’ve probably never heard before and surely one that Portugal would like to forget forever.
Now that we’ve guided you through Christmas Eve dinner in Lisbon, it’s time to move north and discover our options for Christmas Eve dinner in Porto in 2025. Porto is just as festive as Lisbon and there is an array of choices for a delicious meal for you and your loved ones. Here are nine of the best places to enjoy Christmas Eve dinner in Porto in 2025.
At A Escola by The Artist, Christmas Eve dinner in 2025 will pair tradition and elegance in a festive four-course experience prepared by culinary students and professionals working side by side. The evening begins with comforting caldo verde soup with chorizo and a refreshing octopus and chickpea salad followed by a main course of confit cod with carrot purée, coriander, and baby vegetables. Guests can then indulge in a lavish Christmas dessert buffet featuring rice pudding, custard, bolo-rei (King Cake), sponge cake, fresh fruit, and a fine cheese selection, all paired with Douro wines and a Tawny Port from Caves Burmester. Enjoy a refined and distinctly Portuguese celebration in the creative ambiance of Porto’s The Artist hotel.
At Maison Albar – Le Monumental Palace, Christmas Eve dinner is a luxurious yet inviting celebration of flavors from land and sea. The chef’s menu features dishes like veal loin with oyster and caviar, crab with avocado and yuzu, scallop with truffle, grouper with pumpkin, and venison with blackberry. Each course is paired with excellent wines from across Portugal and finished with champagne and a decadent dessert by pastry chef Joana Thöny-Montbabut. Set in one of Porto’s grandest hotels, this elegant dinner offers an unforgettable way to celebrate Christmas Eve in style and comfort.
3. The Yeatman
Address – Rua do Choupelo, Vila Nova de Gaia
Cost – €295 per person (wine selection included), Children 4–11 – €147.50, Three and Under, Free
At The Yeatman, Christmas Eve dinner is an elegant and unforgettable affair overlooking Porto’s glittering skyline. Chef Ricardo Costa has created an exclusive menu that brings together the classic flavors of the season with refined technique and impeccable presentation. Guests can enjoy a lavish multi-course meal followed by a festive dessert buffet filled with sweets, fruits, and cheeses, all paired with fine wines selected to match each dish. Christmas Lunch is also available.
At Auge, the rooftop restaurant of Porto Palácio Hotel, Christmas Eve dinner is a grand celebration of Portuguese holiday flavors paired with sweeping views of the city. The abundant buffet includes everything from octopus salad, smoked salmon, and stuffed crab to hearty mains like boiled cod with traditional sides, Lagareiro-style octopus, and stuffed capon with Port wine sauce. Vegetarians can enjoy comforting dishes like stewed seitan and vegetable lasagna, while desserts overflow with festive favorites such as bolo-rei, aletria, Yule log cake, and toucinho do céu. Guests can toast with carefully selected Portuguese wines, beer, or fresh juices as they savor the warmth of the season. With its elegant setting, generous menu, and relaxed festive atmosphere, Auge offers an unforgettable Christmas Eve feast high above Porto.
5. Blind Restaurante (at Torel Palace Porto)
Address – Rua de Entreparedes 40
Cost – Varies, depending on the menu that you choose
At Blind, the Michelin-starred restaurant inside Torel Palace Porto, Christmas Eve is so popular that there is already a waitlist, but there is space, as of now, even the day after Christmas and we encourage you to book. Led by Chef Vítor Matos, one of Portugal’s most celebrated chefs, and Chef Stéphane Costa, Blind offers a sensory journey unlike any other. The experience revolves around surprise tasting menus of 10 or 12 “moments,” where a melange of flavors, textures, and emotions create a meal that challenges and delights the senses. Set in the literary-inspired Torel Palace, Blind invites guests to “close their eyes” and savor a gastronomic adventure designed to be felt, not just seen – truly an unforgettable way to celebrate the season, even if you visit in the week between Christmas and New Year and can’t get in on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day.
6. Renata (at Forte de Gaia, Autograph Collection)
Experience the magic of Christmas Eve dinner in Porto at Renata Restaurant & Terrace in Vila Nova de Gaia. On the most iconic night of the year, Renata proposes an elegant celebration, where Portuguese tradition meets contemporary creativity. A special menu, designed to honor the classic flavors of Christmas with a touch of the chef’s magic, will be served in a cozy and exquisite atmosphere with an incredible view over Porto.
7. Rib Beef & Wine (at Pestana Vintage Porto Hotel)
At RIB & Wine, the stylish steakhouse inside the Pestana Vintage Porto Hotel, Christmas Eve dinner is all about warmth, flavor, and festive sophistication. Overlooking the shimmering Douro River and the historic Port wine lodges of Vila Nova de Gaia, this five-star venue sets the stage for a truly memorable evening. Guests are welcomed with an aperitif at the bar before enjoying a five-course dinner, a decadent Christmas dessert buffet, and hand-selected wines, all accompanied by live DJ music to keep the holiday spirit alive. With its prime location on Porto’s picturesque Ribeira Square and its mix of history, luxury, and culinary excellence, RIB & Wine offers a magical way to celebrate Christmas Eve in the heart of the city.
8. Christmas Eve at TRYP Porto Expo Hotel
Address – Rotunda da Exponor, Leça da Palmeira, Matosinhos
At TRYP Porto Expo Hotel, Christmas Eve dinner is an elegant celebration of Portugal’s holiday traditions at a cheaper (but still not super cheap) price point. The festive menu begins with a comforting turnip green and white bean soup followed by classic codfish and tender beef medallions with chestnuts and Port wine. A rich dessert buffet and Douro DOC wines complete the evening offering a perfect balance of warmth and indulgence. Served from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. in a welcoming atmosphere ideal for families, this experience captures the true spirit of Christmas in Porto: delicious food, good company, and memories that will linger.
At Bistrô Flores, the elegant restaurant inside the PortoBay Flores Hotel, Christmas Eve dinner pairs its wines with history and a festive air of sophistication. Housed in a beautifully restored 16th-century palace, the setting combines original granite floors and warm lighting that reflect Porto’s timeless charm. The five-course Christmas menu reimagines traditional flavors with a modern twist. It highlights dishes like classic codfish and veal with Sichuan pepper and salsify. With its central location and intimate atmosphere, Bistrô Flores offers a truly memorable way to celebrate Christmas in the heart of Porto.
Final Thoughts
Christmas Eve in Porto is a very special experience. Many restaurants provide set menus and require pre-booking well in advance. We would recommend booking as soon as you read this article. Keep in mind that many places are open for Christmas Eve dinner but may be closed on Christmas Day. Alternatively, some places are open for both Christmas Eve dinner and Christmas Eve lunch but not Christmas Day dinner. Wishing you a wonderful festive time in Porto whatever you may choose!
Considering Portugal's Golden Visa Program? Everything you need to know + how to qualify with 325,000 EUR
If you're interested in finding out the latest details about the Golden Visa program and want to take advantage of the new opportunities. Signup for a live Q&A webinar with an expert from Holborn Assets that will answer all your questions. The event is scheduled for September 17 at 5 PM Lisbon Time (1 PM EST). The live webinar will cover the following:
Golden Visa basics, how to qualify, who can be included
New Investment Criteria for 2024
Golden Visa timeline and process
How to qualify with just 325,000 EUR - this exclusive offer includes investment loan financing to bridge the gap to reach the 500k minimum investment
*If you cannot attend the seminar or would prefer one-on-one, book a call here.
Portugal’s Golden Visa Still Available in 2025
In June 2023, the government announced that the Golden visa scheme would continue despite the option to apply for the Golden visa through real estate going away. As of 2025, there are still plenty of other investment avenues and the program remains one of Europe’s most flexible pathways to EU residency.
The current investment routes include:
Donation to Arts €250,000
Venture Capital/Private Equity Fund €500,000
Donation to Research Activities €500,000
Company Creation 10 employees or €500,000 + 5 employees
What is the Portugal Golden Visa?
Created in 2012, the Portugal Golden Visa is known as one of the most attractive in the world. The Portugal Golden Visa was created to boost foreign investment to benefit the Portuguese economy. The program allows non-EU citizens to qualify for a residency permit and eventually a passport in the country through investments.
With a Portugal Golden Visa, you can live in Portugal and travel within most European countries without an issue. However, you do not need to live in Portugal to be eligible for this visa. All you need to do is to stay in the country for at least 7 days in the first year and 14 days in the subsequent years. You obviously also need to engage in an investment, which we will get to.
What are the Benefits of the Portugal Golden Visa?
1. Visa Exemption
The Portugal Golden Visa allows you to enter Portugal and the Schengen area (26 EU Countries). You can travel freely without requiring a visa, essentially granting you the travel privileges of European Union citizens.
2. Ability to Stay in Portugal
The visa grants you the right to live, study and work in Portugal as if you were an EU citizen.
3. Family Perks
The Portugal Golden Visa does not only grant the investor privileges but also their family members. The program includes family reunification, meaning that a spouse, minor children, children over 18, children over 18 who are studying, and parents who are financially dependent on the investor are all granted the same rights. They can all live and work in Portugal and travel freely within the Schengen area, as well as enjoy all the visas’ benefits.
4. Permanent Residence: Does the Portugal Golden Visa Lead to Residence?
The investor can apply for permanent residence if they follow all the requirements and complete the 5 years necessary.
5. Citizenship: Does the Portugal Golden Visa Lead to Citizenship?
After legally residing in Portugal for at least 6 years, the investor can apply for Portuguese citizenship and potentially obtain a passport. However, to get citizenship you must obtain an A2 Portuguese language certificate, prove you have links to the country such as through your investment, provide documents such as proof of a Portuguese bank account, and have no criminal record.
The Portugal Golden Visa provides some inviting tax incentives. You will not be faced with any tax responsibility unless you become a tax resident, meaning you spend more than 183 days of the year in Portugal.
If so, under the Portugal Gold Visa, you might also be able to become a Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) tax regime if you are eligible under recently more strict conditions. Here are the benefits of this tax regime:
Income is taxed at 20%
You will only be taxed on your worldwide income after the first 10 years of residence.
Foreign interest, dividends, rents, and property capital gains can be exempted from taxation. You will also not pay an inheritance or wealth tax.
Keep in mind that the initial NHR that was initiated in 2009 ended in late 2023, but a new NHR 2.0 is now in place with similar benefits. The benefits remain almost the same, but the pool of those who can apply has become a lot smaller. Moreover, the new regime focuses on employment, primarily scientific research, and innovation, while no longer benefiting retirees and other high-value jobs.
Want to become part of the large community of US expats in Portugal? Sign up for Holborn Assets’ live webinar on the challenges facing US connected clients moving or living in Portugal. Find out all about the financial perks of moving to Portugal and have all your burning questions answered. The event is scheduled for May 16 at 5 pm (Lisbon Time) / 12 pm EST. If you would like to schedule a one-on-one call instead, you can book one here.
You are eligible for a Portugal Golden visa if you are a non-EU/EEA/Swiss national. You need to be at least 18 years old and have no criminal record. The main requirement is that you make an investment in Portugal, which will be explained in detail in the next section. Keep in mind that property is no longer an accepted investment route.
Life After Brexit: Why Should UK Nationals Apply for a Portugal Golden Visa?
Since January 1st, 2021, UK citizens are eligible to apply for the Portugal Golden Visa which allows them to travel freely within the Schengen Area. This is a great option for UK nationals who want to enjoy some benefits, essentially getting back most of the EU citizen rights that were lost in Brexit. A UK national with a Portugal golden visa can travel freely through the Schengen area (26 EU Countries). A UK national will then also have the right to work, study, and live in any EU/EEA country. They will also be able to apply for residence and later on, citizenship, granting a UK national an EU passport.
Why the Golden Visa Is Still Attractive in 2025
Minimal stay requirement – Investors still only need to spend seven days in the first year and 14 days every two years. This means you can keep your life abroad while gradually building ties to Portugal.
Family‑friendly – Spouses, dependent children, and parents can be included in one application. Everyone receives the same rights to live, study, and work in Portugal.
Schengen mobility – Your residence card allows visa‑free travel across the 26 Schengen countries.
Path to EU citizenship – Under current rules you can apply for Portuguese citizenship after five years of legal residence, provided you learn basic Portuguese (A2 level). Legislation passed in October 2025 proposes extending this to ten years for most nationalities, but it is not yet in force. By applying now, you benefit from the existing five‑year timeframe.
Improved digital processes – Portugal’s new migration agency (AIMA) is rolling out a fully digital Golden Visa platform in January 2026. It promises smoother submissions, integrated payments, and quicker biometric appointments. Renewals already use an online portal.
High quality of life – Portugal offers affordable living, a pleasant climate, low crime, excellent infrastructure, and a hybrid public–private healthcare system ranked 23rd among high‑income nations. Golden Visa residents can register with the Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS) and enjoy largely free public healthcare.
Golden Visa Application Costs: How much does the Portugal Golden Visa Application Cost?
There are a number of government application fees when applying for a Portugal Golden Visa. The processing fee is around €550 at the beginning and then you will have to pay around €80 for each renewal. The initial application fee is around €5,325 per person, a one-time payment. The renewal application fee costs €2,663 per person. If you want eligible members to also have a Golden Visa, you must pay this fee for them, as well.
Also, expect to pay a legal fee and prices will depend on the law firm and investment types. The prices usually start from €5,000 for legal costs. However, a lawyer’s help will make the whole bureaucratic application process a lot easier.
Portugal Golden Visa: Healthcare in Portugal
Portugal has a strong National Health Service called SNS, which takes the 17th spot on the World Index of Healthcare Innovation. If you obtain a Portugal Golden Visa, you can register with the SNS and access public healthcare. After you obtain your visa, you must register with the local health care center using your residence card. You will then be provided with your healthcare number that you will need to access public health care.
The SNS provides multiple services from emergency treatment, psychiatric care, and maternity care. Most services are free. However, there are certain particular services such as visiting energy rooms or diagnosing exams that require payment. Usually, the prices range from €5 to €20. SNS services are completely free for children under 18 and those over 65. Dental care is not included in the SNS.
Aside from the SNS, Portugal also has private hospitals as it has a hybrid public-private health system. If you have a Portugal Golden Visa, you can purchase private insurance so that prices are more affordable. Health insurance prices range from €300 to €1,000 a year, depending on the company and other personal factors such as your age.
International comparisons paint a rosy picture. The 2025 mid‑year Numbeo Health Care Index ranks Portugal 23rd out of 95 countries, while the World Index of Healthcare Innovation 2024 places Portugal 23rd among wealthy nations. There are 241 hospitals nationwide, with 127 private facilities, and the country spends 10.5% of GDP on healthcare.
Beyond healthcare, Portugal offers beautiful coastlines, historic cities, a Mediterranean climate and high safety rankings. Many Golden Visa investors split their time between Portugal and their home country. They can enjoy sunshine and quality of life without giving up existing careers or businesses.
2025 Investment Routes
Although real‑estate purchases no longer qualify, Portugal has diversified its program into culturally and economically rewarding pathways.
Fund Investment – €500 000
Invest in regulated venture‑capital or private‑equity funds supervised by the Portuguese Securities Market Commission. Funds cannot invest into real estate, ensuring your capital supports Portuguese businesses. Many investors favour this route because the fund manager handles compliance and reporting.
Arts & Cultural Donation – €250 000 (may be €200 000 in low‑density areas)
Support projects that preserve Portuguese heritage or fund cultural production. Pre‑approved initiatives range from restoring historic buildings to funding exhibitions. Contributions in designated low‑density areas benefit from a 20 % discount.
Scientific Research Donation – €500 000
Finance public or private scientific research institutes recognised by Portugal’s national science system. This option appeals to investors wishing to advance medicine, technology or renewable energy.
Job‑Creation – Create 10 jobs (or 8 in low‑density areas)
Establish a Portuguese company and employ at least ten people (eight if based in a low‑density area) for five years. There is no minimum capital requirement, making it a flexible entrepreneurial pathway.
Business & Capital Investment – €500 000 + 5 jobs
Invest €500 000 in an existing Portuguese company or start‑up and create five new jobs for three years. This option lets you partner with local businesses and share profits while meeting visa requirements.
The Application Process
Consult a specialist or expert. Engage a licensed advisor to discuss your goals, review the available investment options and ensure you understand all legal requirements.
Gather documents. Collect passports, birth/marriage certificates, criminal‑record checks, proof of health insurance and evidence of financial means. Having these ready from the start will speed up the process.
Obtain a Portuguese tax number (NIF) and open a bank account. Lawyers can assist remotely with securing an NIF and setting up a local account to hold your funds.
Make your investment. Complete the qualifying investment you have chosen and obtain proof of transfer along with any declarations from the sponsoring fund or project.
Submit your online application. File your Golden Visa request via AIMA’s ARI portal. A new digital platform launching in January 2026 will further streamline this step.
Attend biometrics. Schedule an appointment in Portugal or at a consulate to provide fingerprints and photographs. The current backlog means appointments may take several months, but AIMA has prioritised Golden Visa cases and is clearing backlogs.
Receive your residence card. Once your application is approved, you will be issued a residence permit. Renewals every two years require proof of continued investment and time spent in Portugal.
Costs and Fees
Government fees rose slightly in 2025 but remain competitive relative to other EU programs
Item
Approximate Fee
Processing fee (per applicant)
€605
Residence card issuance
€6,045
Renewal fee (every 2 years)
€3,023
Additional processing per dependent
€83
Legal fees typically range between €5,000 and €10,000 and can vary depending on your individual circumstances. Fund managers can charge management fees, and donations or business investments may involve administrative costs.
Legislative Horizon
A word of caution: Portugal’s Parliament approved a new Nationality Law in October 2025 that would extend the residency requirement for citizenship from five to ten years for most applicants and introduce a civic knowledge test. The law is not yet enacted; it awaits presidential promulgation and potential constitutional review.
Final Thoughts
Portugal’s Golden Visa program has adapted but remains a beacon of opportunity. Its shift away from real estate encourages investments that foster innovation, culture and jobs. Meanwhile, the country continues to offer sunny weather, rich culture, modern healthcare, and a welcoming environment. By choosing a qualifying investment and working with experienced advisors, you can secure a Portuguese home base while maintaining global flexibility.
Considering Portugal's Golden Visa Program? Everything you need to know + how to qualify with 325,000 EUR
If you're interested in finding out the latest details about the Golden Visa program and want to take advantage of the new opportunities. Signup for a live Q&A webinar with an expert from Holborn Assets that will answer all your questions. The event is scheduled for September 17 at 5 PM Lisbon Time (1 PM EST). The live webinar will cover the following:
Golden Visa basics, how to qualify, who can be included
New Investment Criteria for 2024
Golden Visa timeline and process
How to qualify with just 325,000 EUR - this exclusive offer includes investment loan financing to bridge the gap to reach the 500k minimum investment
Christmas in Lisbon is a truly magical time. The city’s multiple Christmas markets sell chestnuts, sausages, and hot wine as locals dance in the streets. Like many other countries throughout Europe, Portugal’s biggest Christmas celebration happens on Christmas Eve. If you find yourself in Lisbon without a family to spend Christmas Eve with at home, we’ve highlighted a wide range of options where you and your friends can enjoy Christmas Eve or Christmas Day lunch in style. Here are ten of the best places to enjoy Christmas Eve dinner in Lisbon in 2025.
Located on the top floor of Hotel Mundial, Varanda de Lisboa offers one of the most breathtaking views in the city. The restaurant is known for its refined take on Portuguese classics served with elegance and flair. For Christmas Eve or Day, diners can expect traditional festive dishes elevated with modern touches accompanied by excellent Portuguese wines. The panoramic windows overlooking downtown Lisbon all lit up for Christmas make it a picture-perfect spot to celebrate the holiday season.
Situated atop the Lisboa Pessoa Hotel, Mensagem combines contemporary design with a cozy festive spirit. Its Christmas menus focus on high-quality ingredients and a refined presentation. It features Portuguese favorites like octopus, tenderloin, and seasonal desserts. The restaurant has two rooftops that provide a romantic backdrop for couples or small gatherings who want to toast the holiday above the twinkling lights of Lisbon.
In the heart of Chiado, Sacramento serves up history and holiday cheer in equal measure. The restaurant occupies a beautifully restored 18th-century building, with vaulted ceilings and warm lighting that set a festive mood. Expect a menu that honors Portuguese Christmas traditions. Think bacalhau, roast turkey, and desserts such as bolo rei and arroz doce. It’s an excellent option for families or groups seeking a classic yet elegant Christmas dinner experience.
4. Dinner at a Sana Hotel
Address – Av. Eng. Duarte Pacheco 15
Cost – Plan on around €160 for adults, €80 for children, price varies depending on location
Should you choose Christmas Eve dinner at a Sana Hotel property this year, you will be spoiled for choose. There are not one, not two, but eight restaurants to choose from at SANA Hotels in Lisbon alone. Choose from either Christmas Eve or Christmas Day lunch. The ambiance at these restaurants is elegant without being overly formal, which makes for a relaxed place to spend with your family and friends. Note: Restaurante Allora below features an Italian Christmas dinner.
Maxime is Lisbon’s oldest cabaret and, on Christmas Eve, it opens its doors for an unforgettable evening that is known for its “Ceia de Natal” special. The restaurant blends tradition with a theatrical twist, and diners can enjoy classic Portuguese Christmas dishes surrounded by vintage décor and a touch of old Lisbon glamour. It’s a great choice if you’re looking for something memorable and slightly unconventional.
Capítulo Restaurant & Bar offers one of the most atmospheric Christmas dining experiences in Lisbon as it is housed in a former 13th-century convent. Chef Isaque Cunha and Sous-Chef Raquel Sampaio bring your culinary Christmas dreams to life with seasonal Portuguese dishes and fine wines. If you’re looking for the most unique setting to spend this Christmas Eve dinner, you’ve found it!
Get ready for the most expensive Christmas Eve dinner that we’ve found in Lisbon. With a location like Four Seasons Hotel Ritz and a menu that includes oysters, lobster, and black pork lard, it’s no wonder that this experience will set you back €350 for one meal. You can imagine that this is quite an exclusive experience so be sure to call way ahead to secure a table. Christmas brunch is also available.
This seafood-forward restaurant in Belém offers a coastal spin on Christmas dining. Guelra’s holiday menu features dishes such as sea bass, shrimp stew, and grilled octopus. They all highlight the freshness of Portuguese seafood. It’s a lighter, more modern alternative to the heavier holiday meals and is served in a bright, contemporary space close to some of Lisbon’s most scenic landmarks.
Hidden away on a quiet street, Tasca da Memória offers a cozy setting that is perfect for an intimate Christmas dinner. The 2025 Christmas menu includes traditional dishes like codfish, alheira sausage, Portuguese cabbage, and Christmas cake for dessert. With its warm atmosphere, attentive staff, and focus on authenticity, it’s an excellent spot for anyone wanting to celebrate the Christmas season.
10. Clorofila
Address – Rua Sousa Martins 20
Cost – €35 to €75, Group dinner
Time – Christmas Eve, to be determined, Call to inquire at +351 210 547 416
Inside the Lumen Hotel, Clorofila turns into a winter wonderland each December. Artificial snow falls twice a night in the hotel courtyard at 7:30 p.m. and 10:15 p.m. and creates a festive atmosphere that feels straight out of a movie. The restaurant offers multiple group menus crafted by chef Celso Dias that feature dishes such as slow-cooked lamb with rosemary sauce, bacalhau with a broa crust, and stuffed turkey leg. Guests can also enjoy a special Christmas videomapping show projected across the courtyard walls inspired by “The Nutcracker” and the “Christmas Factory.”
Be Sure to Plan Ahead
Celebrating Christmas in Lisbon does take a bit of planning. Reservations should be made early, as many restaurants fill up weeks in advance. Be sure to check whether the menu is for Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. As we mentioned in our introduction, Portuguese families typically celebrate with their main meal on the evening of the 24th. Since most venues offer fixed menus, it’s a good idea to ask about vegetarian or other special diet options in advance. Dress smartly, as many restaurants adopt a semi-formal holiday atmosphere, and keep in mind that public transportation and taxi availability can be limited on both days. With a little preparation, your Christmas dinner in Lisbon can be an unforgettable and truly festive experience.
Portugal happens to have some very peculiar and specific rules. Some keep beaches and roads safe, some protect heritage and natural landmarks, but a few laws in Portugal are so uniquely Portuguese that they might just surprise you. Here are 27 laws that are currently in force in Portugal that you need to know. Let us know which one was surprised you the most.
Please keep in mind that these regulations can be updated at any time by local authorities or government agencies. Always check posted signs or follow official guidance on the spot.
1. Removing historical tiles from a façade is tightly controlled.
Portugal treats azulejos as national heritage. Removing tiles from a façade requires a municipal license and is only allowed in specific cases where the removal can be justified. Lisbon put protective rules into place in 2013, and Portugal as a whole made this law in 2017.
2. Ignoring the red flag at the beach can get you fined.
On protected beaches in Portugal, the flag system is not a suggestion. Green means you can bathe, yellow means you must not swim, and red means you cannot enter the water. Disobeying the flags or lifeguard instructions is an offense that can get you fined under the current rules in Portugal.
3. Lifeguard zones and beach rules are set nationally each season.
Every beach season, the Portuguese maritime authority issues an official beach edict that sets rules about signage, lifeguard posts, and safety equipment. Concessions must comply, and beach-goers must respect the marked swimming areas and corresponding instructions.
Photo by Karina Skrypnik (Unsplash)
4. Official naturist beaches must be clearly sign-posted, and, yes, naturist beaches are legal in Portugal.
The law requires signage at access points so visitors know they are entering an authorized naturist area (otherwise known as “nudist” beaches to those not familiar with the “naturist” term). If it’s not sign-posted, do not assume naturism is permitted.
5. Night-time “quiet hours” are protected by national noise law.
Portugal’s General Noise Regulations went into effect in 2007 and restrict noisy activities during nighttime hours and gives authorities tools to sanction disturbances including in residential buildings and outdoor venues. The hours deemed as “nighttime” are officially from 11:00 pm to 7:00 am. Please keep it down during these hours.
6. Recreational sea fishing requires a license.
Casting a line from the rocks or beach is popular, but you still need a recreational maritime fishing license, with different types depending on where and how you fish. Exceptions are made for people fishing by hand without any tools, and for children under 16 if they are accompanied by a licensed adult
7. Metal detectors for archaeological purposes are broadly restricted without a license.
Using or even transporting unlicensed metal detectors for archaeological purposes is prohibited. Licenses are handled by the national cultural heritage authority, which also supervises detection in research contexts.
8. You must be 18 or older to buy any alcoholic drink.
Portugal set the minimum age at 18 years old for the legal consumption of any alcoholic beverages. Selling or supplying alcohol to minors is prohibited in public places and places open to the public.
Sagres Beer in Cascais Beach, Yusuke Kawasaki, Wikimedia Commons
9. Some places cannot sell alcohol at all.
There are blanket bans on selling alcohol in certain locations, such as inside health facilities and a few other sensitive settings defined by law. Bars and shops must refuse alcohol sales to intoxicated people, and staff can be sanctioned for selling to obviously intoxicated individuals. Establishments must comply with posting and layout rules that support responsible sales.
10. Smoking is banned in enclosed public spaces and several child-focused outdoor areas.
The tobacco law restricts smoking in enclosed public places and extends protections to spaces intended for minors, such as playgrounds. Fines can apply to venues that fail to post required notices and to individuals who violate the ban.
11. Hotels and short-term rentals must register foreign guests with authorities.
Whether you stay in a hotel or a licensed short-term rental, your host must collect your details and report your stay electronically to the government within a short deadline. This rule applies to all foreign nationals including EU citizens. Failing to submit those guest forms can lead to fines.
12. You must be 18 to drive and keep passing medical checks as you age.
In Portugal, the minimum age to hold a standard car license (Category B) is 18 years old. Younger teens can drive mopeds or scooters under specific light-vehicle categories starting at 16, but they cannot drive regular cars until they reach 18.
There is no upper age limit that automatically bans older drivers. However, once you turn 70, your license must be renewed more often and you’ll need to provide a medical certificate proving you’re still fit to drive. For professional categories like truck or bus drivers, the rules are even stricter, requiring earlier and more frequent health checks.
13. Driving without a reflective vest and warning triangle in your car is illegal.
Portuguese road rules require a high-visibility vest and a hazard triangle in the vehicle. Forgetting either can cost you. Keep them handy.
14. Drones must follow EU open-category rules and national guidance.
Planning to film cliffs and castles? Drone operations in Portugal follow EU rules on registration, categories, distances and no-fly zones, with national aviation authority guidance layered on top.
15. Wild camping is restricted, especially in protected or high-risk areas.
Portugal tightened its wild camping rules in 2021 through updates to its Road Code, particularly Articles 48 and 50-A, effectively banning camping outside authorized areas and limiting overnight stays in vehicles. Today, pitching tents or setting up camp in public spaces, beaches, or protected zones is illegal unless you have explicit permission. Overnight parking in a motorhome or campervan is only allowed for up to 48 hours within the same municipality, provided no camping behavior is shown (like chairs, awnings, or barbecues). Staying overnight is often tolerated between 9:00 pm and 7:00 am, but local municipalities can impose stricter bans or fines—especially in coastal and nature areas. Travelers are encouraged to use official campsites, designated motorhome service areas, or private properties with permission to stay fully within the law.
16. During the critical fire period in Portugal, outdoor fires and certain grills are prohibited.
Each year the rural fire law sets a “critical period.” Lighting fires, burning yard waste, and using grills or equipment in or near forested areas can be restricted or banned, and there are heavy penalties for violators.
17. Dangerous or “potentially dangerous” dog breeds come with special obligations.
Owners of listed breeds, or cross-breeds with similar traits, must have a municipal license, keep liability insurance, and follow strict handling rules. These dogs must use a functional muzzle and a short leash in public, and there are age and suitability rules for handlers. Housing and signage requirements are part of the safety regime. Municipalities and veterinary authorities can enforce compliance, and non-compliance can trigger sanctions.
18. You can get fines for insulting the national flag or anthem.
Portuguese criminal law protects national symbols. Outrage or desecration of the flag or the national anthem is a criminal offense. So please be respectful at official ceremonies.
Portugal passed a landmark animal welfare law in 2018 that prohibited the use of wild animals in traveling circuses. The legislation was approved by Parliament in October 2018 and granted circuses a six-year transition period to comply, with a complete ban taking effect in 2024. The law covers about 40 species, including lions, tigers, elephants, camels, and primates.
During the transition, circus owners were required to register all wild animals in a national database and arrange for their transfer to sanctuaries or licensed care facilities.
20. Funerals must happen very quickly after death.
In Portugal, the timeframe from death to burial or cremation is tightly regulated. Typically, a funeral (burial or cremation) takes place within around 48 to 72 hours of death, or 48 hours after a post-mortem if one is required. That means that, if someone dies, arrangements are often expected to be made and executed very quickly compared to many other countries. This quick turnaround reflects both practical and legal frameworks in the country.
21. Prostitution is legal, but organized sex work and third-party profiteering are illegal.
In Portugal, the act of selling sexual services by consenting adults is legal, as surprising as that might sound. However, it is illegal for third parties to profit from, promote, encourage, or facilitate the prostitution of another person (for example, running brothels or pimping). Organized prostitution rings and exploitation are criminal offenses. You also cannot rent an apartment to a sex worker, but working on the streets is legal.
22. Pornography is legal but strictly regulated.
Pornography is legal in Portugal for adults, yet it sits within a framework of tight regulation. You must be 18 or older to buy, view, or distribute any pornographic material. Stores and websites that sell adult content must clearly display age warnings and cannot sell or show explicit material to minors. However, producing or distributing violent, coercive, or child-related content is a serious criminal offense with severe penalties. Overall, although adult entertainment is legal, it is heavily monitored and clearly separated from general media.
23. Possessing small amounts of drugs has been decriminalized, but it is not technically legal.
Portugal made global headlines in 2001 for decriminalizing the personal possession and use of all drugs including marijuana. This means that if you’re caught with a small quantity intended for personal use (roughly a ten-day supply, such as about 25 grams of cannabis or 5 grams of hashish), you will not be arrested or prosecuted as a criminal. Instead, you may be referred to a “Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction,” which can recommend counseling or small fines. However, dealing, trafficking, or cultivating cannabis without authorization remains a serious criminal offense that can lead to prison time. Decriminalization isn’t legalization. It simply shifts the focus from punishment to public health.
24. You can vote at 18 but only if you’re mentally and legally capable.
The voting age in Portugal is 18, and all Portuguese citizens have the right to vote except in rare cases of legal incapacity. Voting is voluntary, not mandatory, which surprises many foreigners used to compulsory voting systems.
25. You must be at least 21 years old to rent a car.
Rental agencies in Portugal generally require drivers to be 21 or older, and many charge an extra fee for drivers under 25.
26. The legal age to buy cigarettes is 18.
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under 18. Shops can be fined heavily if they fail to verify age. Cigarette machines even require an ID card or age-verification system before dispensing them.
27. You can drink in public – with some restrictions.
In Portugal, drinking alcohol in public is generally tolerated as long as you behave responsibly. You can walk around with a drink bought from a bar or café in many areas, but being visibly intoxicated, disruptive, or drinking where it’s expressly prohibited can lead to fines or police action. Local rules vary. Some municipalities restrict public drinking or limit alcohol sales for street consumption particularly at night. For example, Porto introduced a ban on drinking alcohol in the streets between 9:00 pm and 8:00 am in certain zones in 2025. Always check posted signs, especially in parks, beaches, or historic districts, since some areas like parts of Lisbon enforce additional restrictions.
Drinking bar in the Music Festival F, Faro, Portugal, DepositPhotos.com
Final Thoughts
Portugal has a long list of uniquely specific laws designed to protect its culture, environment, and public well-being. The nation also leads in progressive reforms decriminalizing personal drug use in 2001, banning wild animals in circuses by 2024, and legalizing prostitution under tight conditions while outlawing third-party profiteering. Although Portugal’s regulations may seem unusual to outsiders, together they reveal a country that balances freedom while also continually monitoring its best practices to protect its citizens.
When people first learn that Portugal has both a President and a Prime Minister, it can be confusing to understand how their roles differ. Unlike countries that have only one leading figure (such as the United States with its President or the United Kingdom with its Prime Minister), Portugal divides executive power between the two. The arrangement stems from its history as a young democracy that wanted to balance leadership, avoid authoritarianism, and ensure stability.
To understand how Portugal is governed today, it helps to explore what each of these leaders does, how they are elected, and why this system exists at all.
Portugal’s Semi-Presidential System
Portugal is a semi-presidential republic. This means that the President serves as head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. Power is shared between them but in distinct ways.
The President’s role is largely constitutional and supervisory. This ensures that laws and institutions function properly. The Prime Minister, on the other hand, handles the country’s daily governance, running ministries, implementing policies, and working closely with Parliament.
This structure has existed since the Constitution of 1976, which followed the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the peaceful movement that ended nearly five decades of dictatorship. The framers of the new Constitution wanted a system that could never again allow power to become concentrated in the hands of one person. The result was a balance between two powerful offices: one representing the unity and permanence of the nation and the other driving its political direction.
The President of Portugal
The President of the Republic is the symbolic and constitutional guardian of Portugal. Though not involved in everyday government decisions, the President has important powers that can shape national politics.
The President appoints the Prime Minister after parliamentary elections, typically selecting the leader of the party or coalition that can command a majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The President also has the authority to dissolve Parliament and call new elections, but this power is used sparingly, usually during times of political deadlock or crisis.
Another significant power of the President is the ability to veto legislation or request a review by the Constitutional Court if a law appears to violate the Constitution. This function helps ensure that no government action undermines the country’s democratic principles.
The President also represents Portugal internationally, ratifies treaties, and serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. While this title is mostly ceremonial, it reinforces the idea that the President stands above party politics and represents the nation as a whole.
Presidents in Portugal serve five-year terms and are directly elected by the public. If no candidate receives more than half the votes in the first round, a runoff is held between the top two candidates. The most recent presidential election took place in January 2021, and the next one is scheduled for January 18, 2026, with a possible second round on February 8 if no candidate wins outright.
The Prime Minister of Portugal
The Prime Minister, known in Portuguese as the Primeiro-Ministro, is the country’s chief executive. The Prime Minister leads the government, sets national policies, and coordinates the work of all ministries.
Unlike the President, the Prime Minister is not directly elected by voters. After legislative elections, the President appoints a Prime Minister. This is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in Parliament. The Prime Minister must then maintain the confidence of the Assembly of the Republic, Portugal’s unicameral legislature. If the Assembly passes a vote of no confidence, the government falls, and the President may call new elections.
The Prime Minister’s duties include leading the Council of Ministers, preparing the national budget, proposing new laws, and overseeing their implementation once approved. The Prime Minister also represents Portugal at European Union meetings and international summits.
A Prime Minister’s term is not fixed in the same way as the President’s. Parliamentary terms last up to four years, and the Prime Minister remains in office as long as their government retains parliamentary support. If that support collapses, the Prime Minister may resign or face an early election.
The most recent legislative election was held on May 18, 2025, following a period of political instability. Under normal circumstances, the next election would be expected by 2029, unless the President dissolves Parliament earlier.
Comparing Their Powers
The easiest way to understand the difference between the two offices is to think of the President as a constitutional overseer and the Prime Minister as the chief operator.
The President ensures the proper functioning of democratic institutions, appoints or dismisses the Prime Minister, and can dissolve Parliament if necessary. The President can also veto laws or refer them to the Constitutional Court.
The Prime Minister, in contrast, is responsible for running the government day to day. This includes managing the economy, overseeing ministries, and ensuring that policies are executed. The Prime Minister proposes legislation and represents Portugal in international policymaking arenas, especially within the European Union.
While the President holds significant power, especially during crises, it is the Prime Minister who wields practical authority in the daily administration of the country. Portugal’s system depends on cooperation and mutual respect between these two figures, as conflict between them can paralyze the government.
Function
President of the Republic
Prime Minister
Role
Head of State
Head of Government
Elected by
Direct popular vote (nationwide)
Appointed by President after parliamentary elections
Term Length
5 years
Up to 4 years (linked to Assembly’s term)
Symbolic Function
Represents Portugal abroad and embodies national unity
Represents government policies and actions
Key Powers
– Appoints/dismisses Prime Minister- Dissolves Parliament- Vetoes laws or requests constitutional review- Ratifies treaties- Declares a state of emergency
– Leads government and Council of Ministers- Proposes legislation- Manages ministries and budgets- Executes laws- Maintains parliamentary confidence
Checks & Balances
Can dissolve Parliament and call elections
Can be removed by no-confidence vote
Military Role
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (symbolic)
Civilian control of defense policy
How Elections Work
The Presidential election is straightforward: all Portuguese citizens can vote directly for their chosen candidate. The process is similar to other direct elections in Europe, and voter turnout tends to be high, which reflects the importance of the role.
The Prime Minister, by contrast, is a byproduct of parliamentary elections. Voters choose members of the Assembly of the Republic, and the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most support is typically invited by the President to form a government. This indirect system means that Portuguese voters effectively choose their government by voting for parties rather than individual prime ministerial candidates.
Why Portugal Has Both
The dual structure of President and Prime Minister was deliberately created to prevent the rise of authoritarian power after the fall of the Estado Novo dictatorship in 1974. The new democratic Constitution sought to balance authority and accountability between two offices with each able to act as a check on the other.
The President provides a stabilizing influence during political turbulence, while the Prime Minister ensures effective governance. This system also guarantees that the armed forces and national symbols remain separate from party politics, a key concern after decades of one-party rule.
In short, Portugal’s dual-leadership model was designed to ensure stability, accountability, and democratic resilience. It allows flexibility during crises and helps prevent any single branch of government from dominating the political landscape.
When the System Began
The current structure of Portugal’s government began with the Constitution of 1976, two years after the revolution that ended the Salazar-Caetano regime. The framers of the new Constitution borrowed elements from both presidential and parliamentary systems to create a uniquely Portuguese model of semi-presidentialism.
Over time, constitutional reforms in the 1980s and 1990s refined this balance. The President’s role became less about daily government interference and more about upholding the Constitution, moderating conflicts, and preserving stability. Meanwhile, the Prime Minister and the Assembly of the Republic became the engines of policymaking and legislation.
Today, Portugal’s democratic institutions are considered among the most stable in Southern Europe, largely because of this power-sharing design.
Year
Event
1974
Carnation Revolution ends dictatorship and restores democracy.
1976
New Constitution establishes a semi-presidential system with a President and a Prime Minister.
1982
Constitutional reform reduces military influence and clarifies civilian presidential powers.
1989
Revisions reinforce democratic institutions and EU integration.
2006–present
Portugal’s democracy stabilizes with alternating center-left and center-right governments.
2025
Early legislative elections held (May 2025) following parliamentary dissolution.
2026
Next presidential election scheduled for January 18 (1st round) and February 8 (2nd round, if needed).
What’s Next for Portuguese Politics
As of now, the next presidential election will take place in January 2026, while the next parliamentary election is expected by 2029, unless the President calls one earlier. These elections often define Portugal’s political rhythm with the President setting the constitutional tone and the Prime Minister steering the country’s daily course.
Understanding these distinctions can help anyone living in or following Portugal grasp the subtleties of Portuguese politics. When news headlines mention the President’s remarks or the Prime Minister’s new policy, each comes from a different layer of leadership. One represents the country’s spirit and the other guides its steps.
The Bottom Line
Portugal’s political structure may seem complex at first, but it is a carefully balanced system designed to protect democracy. The President is the guardian of the Constitution and the face of the nation, elected directly by the people for a five-year term. The Prime Minister leads the government, serves up to four years depending on parliamentary support, and manages national policy and administration.
This balance of power created in the aftermath of dictatorship ensures that Portugal remains a democracy with both strength and restraint. The President symbolizes unity and oversight, while the Prime Minister embodies direction and action. Together, they form the heart of Portugal’s democratic leadership.
As we recently mentioned, Portugal’s Assembly of the Republic voted to approve a significant reshaping of the citizenship timeline. The bill would extend the minimum legal residence period before applying for citizenship from five years to seven years for citizens of EU and Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and ten years for all other foreign nationals. It also changes the way time is counted: the clock would start only when a residence permit is granted, not when the application is filed. Because authorities commonly take two to three years to issue residence permits, legal experts estimate that the naturalization timeline could effectively stretch to nine to thirteen years for most foreigners, including Golden Visa investors. Article 5 of the bill shields pending citizenship applications filed before the law takes effect but does not protect current residency holders who planned to apply for citizenship after five years under the old rules.
Allow us to make this abundantly clear: the proposal is still not yet law. The new rules will only take effect when they are published in the official gazette. Until then, the current nationality law—allowing applications after five years of legal residence—remains in force.
Uncertain Outcome and Constitutional Scrutiny
Legal professionals caution that the draft is still undergoing detailed review and may change. As of the beginning of November, the bill has not yet been approved or published, and significant amendments or transitional provisions are expected. The legislative process still involves committee reports and the President’s decision; constitutional experts have criticized several measures as unconstitutional and they are likely to face judicial challenges. It is very difficult to predict when and how these changes will be implemented; the Government may establish transitional regimes or opt for immediate application.
Moreover, constitutional scholars such as Jorge Miranda and Rui Tavares Lanceiro have argued in a separate legal opinion that retroactively altering when residence time is counted violates principles of legal certainty and equality. They contend that applicants acquire legitimate expectations when they file their residency applications, and that removing the waiting‑time from the naturalization clock would be unconstitutional. While their opinion does not guarantee a court outcome, it suggests that the law may be on the applicants’ side if the draft is challenged.
Given this uncertainty, it is important to emphasize that no one can guarantee that new Golden Visa applicants will be able to rely on a five‑year path to citizenship. The proposal’s current wording would affect new residency permits issued after the law’s entry into force, and it does not automatically “grandfather” existing residents who have not yet filed citizenship applications. However, political negotiations, potential amendments, and constitutional review could still soften or overturn the harshest provisions.
Why the Golden Visa Still Makes Sense Today
Even with proposed reforms, Portugal’s Golden Visa continues to offer compelling benefits. Under the current law, Golden Visa investors can secure residence permits for themselves and eligible family members (spouse or partner, dependent children and, in some cases, dependent parents). Holders gain the right to live, work, and study in Portugal and enjoy visa‑free travel throughout the Schengen Area. The program’s minimal physical‑presence requirement—typically seven days in the first year and fourteen days per two‑year renewal period—provides flexibility for those who wish to maintain their primary residence elsewhere. Investment options include regulated investment funds, job‑creation ventures, and cultural or research donations, allowing investors to choose strategies that fit their risk profile and objectives.
The key question is whether to apply now or wait. Processing times for Golden Visa applications can exceed a year, and under the draft bill, the residence clock would only start once the residence permit is issued. Acting sooner could therefore allow investors to accrue years of legal residence under the current five‑year framework while legislators debate the changes and courts evaluate their constitutionality. Legal advisers note that applicants who already meet the current five‑year benchmark are strongly advised to submit their citizenship applications promptly. Likewise, experts recommend that those who wish to proceed should not delay.
Even if the law eventually extends the timeline, Golden Visa holders still obtain valuable benefits: a secure residency status in Portugal, access to Europe, family reunification rights and a clear path—albeit potentially longer—to citizenship. The Golden Visa remains a powerful tool for diversification and lifestyle flexibility.
Stay Informed: Join the Holborn Assets Webinar
With the legal landscape evolving rapidly, staying informed is essential. To help investors navigate these changes, Holborn Assets is hosting a live webinar titled “Portugal Golden Visa 2025: Everything You Need to Know with Live Q&A” on 12th November 2025 at 5:00 pm, Lisbon time.
During this session, Jason Swan, Senior Partner at Holborn Assets and one of Portugal’s leading Golden Visa specialists, will explain the latest legislative developments, discuss updated investment routes and AIMA processing updates, and answer participant questions. The webinar will also cover family inclusion requirements and strategies for navigating potential delays.
Registration is free. Participants will receive exclusive insights from an experienced professional and have the opportunity to ask questions during the live Q&A. Spaces are limited, so register now to secure your spot and ensure you are prepared for the forthcoming changes.
Portugal’s Golden Visa remains one of the most attractive residency‑by‑investment programs in the world. While the Portuguese parliament has approved a draft law that could lengthen the citizenship timeline, the proposal has not yet taken effect and may still change following presidential scrutiny and constitutional challenges. Applicants should be aware that the five‑year path to citizenship cannot be guaranteed, but legal principles and ongoing debate could protect their position. Acting now allows you to secure residency under the current rules and positions you ahead of any forthcoming changes. For tailored guidance and the latest information, we strongly encourage you to consider joining the Holborn Assets webinar on November 12, 2025.
On October 28, 2025, Portugal’s Parliament approved sweeping changes to the Nationality Law. The final vote saw 157 votes in favor and 64 against following months of intense debate and political negotiation. The bill passed with support from PSD, Chega, IL, CDS, and JPP, while the Socialist Party (PS), Livre, PCP, BE, and PAN voted against.
The Government’s alliance with the far-right Chega party was pivotal to the bill’s success, and the legislation now awaits action by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. The President of the Republic has up to 20 days to either promulgate (approve) it, request a constitutional review from the Constitutional Court, or veto it and return it to Parliament with comments. If the President refers the law to the Constitutional Court, which may be likely, the Court has 25 days to issue a decision.
Key Changes to the Nationality Law
The newly approved law introduces stricter criteria for acquiring Portuguese citizenship and affects both immigrants residing in Portugal and descendants of Portuguese nationals living abroad. Let’s look at all of the changes that have been announced.
1. Longer Residency Requirements
The minimum legal residence for naturalization has been extended from five to ten years for most applicants. This is the biggest and most controversial change. Citizens of Portuguese-speaking countries (CPLP) and EU citizens can now apply for citizenship after seven years while applicants from all other countries must wait ten years to apply. The countdown toward eligibility will begin from the date the residence card is issued, rather than from the application date, which will significantly impact future applicants. This is a significant change from legislation that was passed in March 2024 to include the time spent waiting to receive an appointment or resident card.
2. New Tests and Integration Standards
Applicants must now demonstrate knowledge of the Portuguese language, civic values, and the country’s political system. Applicants will still need to pass the A2 language test but will now also need to pass a new civic knowledge test covering Portuguese culture, rights, duties, and history. They will also need to sign a formal declaration of adherence to democratic principles and have a clean criminal record with the threshold reduced from three years to two years. Applicants will also need to prove sufficient means of subsistence and have no sanctions from the UN or EU.
3. Stricter Rules for Children Born in Portugal
Children born on Portuguese soil to foreign parents will only be eligible for nationality if at least one parent has legally resided in Portugal for a minimum of three years and formally requests citizenship on the child’s behalf.
4. End of the Sephardic Jewish Nationality Program
The nationality route established in 2015 for descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews has been terminated. The Government described this move as part of a modernization effort to align Portugal’s nationality law with other European standards. However, many communities around the world view its closure as the loss of an important historical bridge of reconciliation.
5. Limits on Descent-Based Nationality
The right to claim Portuguese nationality by descent is now restricted to great-grandchildren of Portuguese nationals. This limits the scope that previously allowed some distant generations to apply in specific cases, but extends the previous law that generally extended only to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals.
6. Citizenship Revocation If You Commit Serious Crimes
Naturalized citizens convicted of serious crimes carrying prison sentences of five years or more may have their citizenship revoked if the crime occurred within a period shorter than their sentence after receiving nationality.
Implications for Residents and Applicants
For those currently living in Portugal, the reforms primarily affect the timeline and eligibility criteria for naturalization. Non-EU and non-CPLP nationals will now face a ten-year path to citizenship, while CPLP citizens will qualify after seven years. The Golden Visa and other residence permit programs remain unchanged, and permanent residency can still be achieved after five years of legal residence.
Existing citizenship applications will continue under the old law and provide a degree of protection for those already in process. Transitional provisions for pending cases are expected to be clarified once the law is published.
Although Parliament has approved the amendments, it is important to note that the law is not yet been enacted. All changes must await presidential review and potential constitutional scrutiny before they take effect.
Effects on Portuguese Communities Abroad
The reform carries far-reaching implications for Portugal’s global diaspora of more than five million people. While the core rights of children and grandchildren of Portuguese nationals remain intact, new administrative procedures and documentation requirements may become more rigorous once implementing regulations are finalized.
Community leaders urge emigrant families to verify registration status at their nearest Portuguese consulates, especially for children born abroad who have not yet been documented as Portuguese citizens. Diaspora organizations, including regional Casas dos Açores and Portuguese cultural federations, have called for assurances that the new law will not weaken Portugal’s connection with its overseas communities.
The termination of the Sephardic nationality route enacted in 2015 also affects thousands of families with historic ties to Portugal, particularly in Israel, Turkey, North Africa, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Advocacy groups have expressed concern that the closure ends a significant chapter of cultural and historical acknowledgment.
Final Thoughts
Changes to this law have angered the immigrant community in Portugal due to a lack of any considerations for grandfathering in applicants who moved to Portugal when the length of time to citizenship was only five years. It is surprising and understandably frustrating that even Golden Visa holders who made significant investments in the Portuguese economy are currently scheduled to receive no concessions or special treatment for the additional money they have put into the country.
Applicants, legal experts, and those previously considering making the move to Portugal are now holding their breath to see what will happen in the next few weeks, although the message that Portuguese Parliament sends is clear: If you want to live in Portugal, you are going to have to wait…and wait…and wait for it…and truly prove that you are an upstanding citizen who is willing to integrate into the country.
In the whirlwind of seventeenth-century European politics, Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess, became the queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland through her marriage to Charles II of England. Her life may not have been prolific in terms of heirs or glamor in the conventional sense, but her influence, while her legacy may not have seemed destined for longevity, her actions had ripple effects in unexpected ways that still endure today. Here are 14 remarkable facts about Queen Catherine that reveal the complexity of her character, the challenges she faced, and the lasting impression she left behind.
1. She was born into the powerful royal Braganza family of Portugal.
Catherine was born on November 25, 1638, at the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa in Portugal. She was the daughter of John IV of Portugal, who became the first king of the House of Braganza, and his wife Luisa de Guzmán. Her early life was set against the backdrop of Portuguese independence from Spanish rule, a time of national renewal for her homeland.
2. She spent her childhood in seclusion and strict religious study.
Catherine’s upbringing was characterized by seclusion and religious instruction. She spent much of her youth in the vicinity of a convent near her family’s palace, under the close supervision of her mother. Contemporary accounts remark that she “hardly had been ten times out of the palace in her life.” This sheltered upbringing shaped her quiet, pious character and set her apart at the more flamboyant English court she would later join.
Catherine of Braganza as a child, Public Domain
3. Her marriage to Charles II was a diplomatic alliance between two kingdoms.
Her marriage to Charles II in 1662 is often touted as a strategic alliance between Portugal and England. The marriage contract brought England valuable trading privileges and territorial concessions including the port cities of Tangier and the Seven Islands of Bombay. The union thus strengthened both dynastic ties in addition to commercial and imperial ones.
Catherine of Braganza with her husband Charles II, Public Domain
4. She became Queen Consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland at just 23 years old.
Upon marrying Charles II on May 21, 1662, Catherine became Queen Consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland and held that status until the King’s death on February 6, 1685. Even though she was married into one of Europe’s most visible courts, her foreign birth, Catholic faith, and reserved manner made her somewhat of an outsider in the English court.
Depiction of the wedding of King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, Public Domain
5. She suffered multiple miscarriages and never had surviving children.
Perhaps one of the most personally tragic aspects of Catherine’s life was that she and Charles did not produce surviving children. She suffered three miscarriages, and though her husband fathered many illegitimate children by his mistresses, none by Catherine survived to claim royal legitimacy. Her childlessness became a political issue since producing an heir was regarded as one of the essential duties of a queen consort.
6. She stayed true to her Catholic faith despite widespread hostility.
Catherine remained steadfast in her Roman Catholic faith, which in largely Anglican England made her unpopular. Her religion meant she could not participate fully in some ceremonies, and she was also targeted during the infamous Popish Plot investigations, when false accusations were made that she had conspired to poison the king. Her faith thus shaped much of her experience at the English court and influenced how the public and courtiers perceived her.
Catherine of Braganza, Public Domain
7. She introduced new food and fashion to the English court.
Though she was initially criticized for her old-fashioned Portuguese dress and manner, she gradually introduced new tastes to the English court. She imported food and fashion from her native Portugal and her dowry territories. For example, marmalade is often connected to her circle because the Portuguese quince preserve, called “marmelo,” found its way into English kitchens. She helped broaden the culinary and cultural horizons of London high society.
8. She helped make tea drinking fashionable across England.
One of Catherine’s most enduring legacies is the claim that she popularized tea-drinking in England. At the time, tea was exotic and not widely consumed in English society. Catherine’s preference for it and its acceptability at her court helped change that. The diarist Samuel Pepys wrote of seeing “my wife making of tea” in June 1667, a passage interpreted as showing tea becoming part of court life. By choosing tea rather than the heavier alcoholic beverages common in court circles, Catherine introduced a cultural shift. Over time, tea came to be associated with English identity, ritual, and sophistication, thanks in part to her example.
9. Her dowry included lands that changed the course of empires.
Catherine’s marriage settled not only a personal bond but also territorial and imperial matters. Her dowry included the port of Tangier in North Africa and the Seven Islands of Bombay in India. Later, Bombay was leased by Charles II to the East India Company, an event that contributed to the expansion of British influence in India. The territories thus had far-reaching consequences beyond the union itself.
10. She was falsely accused of treason and survived dangerous political intrigue.
Despite her reserved nature, Catherine was embroiled in the court intrigues of her era. In 1678, those who opposed her and her Catholic connections accused her of high treason and plotting to poison the king, though those charges were soon discredited. This turbulent climate reflected the tension between political, religious, and dynastic struggles of the time and placed Catherine in a precarious position at court.
11. She returned to Portugal and served as regent later in life.
After Charles II’s death and several years in England, Catherine returned to her native Portugal in March 1692. Later, she served as regent for her brother, King Peter II of Portugal, in 1701 and again from 1704 to 1705 while he was absent. Although her years in Portugal were quieter than her time as queen consort, they showed that she remained an able and respected political figure in her homeland.
12. She found peace and purpose after a life of loss.
Following her husband’s death, Catherine assumed the title of Dowager Queen. She lived through significant political changes in England, including the Glorious Revolution and increasing restrictions on Catholics. She eventually withdrew from English affairs and focused on her Portuguese estates and governance. Her later life reflects a woman adapting from the high drama of the English court to a quieter but still meaningful role in Portugal.
13. She left her mark on art, architecture, and cultural memory.
Catherine’s presence left tangible traces in architecture and cultural memory. Her royal arms, which combined those of England and Portugal, appeared on her palace at Bemposta near Lisbon. There is also a ceiling painting titled The Apotheosis of Catherine of Braganza by Antonio Verrio at Windsor Castle. Such works show the symbolic role she played and how the courts acknowledged her enduring influence.
Antonio Verrio (c. 1639-1707) – The Apotheosis of Catherine of Braganza, Wikimedia Commons
14. She is remembered as a queen of quiet strength and lasting influence.
Although Catherine never dominated the historical stage in the way some queens have, her story is one of quiet strength, duty, and perseverance. She navigated the difficulties of being a foreign queen in a land suspicious of her faith, faced personal disappointment in not having children, and yet left a cultural imprint that continues to this day. Her life reminds us that influence does not always require loud or dramatic gestures. Sometimes, it can even be as simple as sitting down with a cup of tea.
Queen Catherine: Grace Under Pressure
Queen Catherine of Braganza may not have been a queen whose name springs first to mind when we think of royal power or dynastic dominance, but her tale is compelling for precisely that reason: her strength lay in perseverance, grace under pressure, and the subtle reshaping of culture. The next time you sit down for a cup of tea, consider that this simple ritual is thanks to the Portuguese-born queen who helped make it a British institution.
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