A study suggests that a sharp increase of the tobacco tax in Portugal can lead to the growth of illegal consumption.
A recent European study drew attention to the fact that imposing a very high tax on the consumption of tobacco can lead to an increase in the illicit consumption of the product.
The study, which was performed by Povaddo and requested by Philip Morris International, covered 13 European member states including Portugal.
According to the results:
78% of Portuguese people believe that the decision makers, in order to reduce the overall amount of smoking, should not only increase taxes but also engage in active dialogue with consumers.
79% of the Portuguese think that a sharp tax increase may lead to the growth of illegal consumption, as users will look for alternative supply sources, which are cheaper.
74% of Portuguese people believe that the current method (only an increase of taxes) hinders efforts to make it harder for minors to access tobacco products, as it will be easier for them to access such products through the black market. The rationale is that if the illegal market gets bigger, it will make it easier for minors to access the products.
Last but not least, 56% of the Portuguese think that increasing the tax on tobacco will lead to the growth of the black market, which will hinder efforts to reduce the amount of smoking in Portugal. In short, the increase in tax, by itself, will go against the overall objective.
Note that, in 2022, the Portuguese Tax Authority lost 32 million euros due to the illegal consumption of tobacco.
The Portuguese tax burden dropped 0.2 percentage points in 2023, when compared to the previous year.
Despite the projections made by the former Government, in which the value would account for 37.4% of the country’s GDP (which would be a new record), last year, the burden accounted for 35.8% of the country’s GDP.
According to the National Statistics Institute, this was the first decrease of the tax burden since 2019, and the official value keeps Portugal below the EU tax burden average (40% of GDP). However, in nominal terms, in 2023, the tax burden increased by 8.8%. In fact, in nominal terms, the Portuguese tax burden has grown by 78.1% since 2012. This represents a sharp increase.
This means that, even though the value of the tax burden dropped, in terms of percentage of the country’s GDP, the Portuguese do not pay less taxes. In fact, they pay more.
In 2023, social contributions increased by 11.7% as a result of the growth of paid labor, salary updates, and the increase of the minimum wage. The revenue coming from direct taxes increased by 10.7%, and the one coming from indirect taxes, by 5.5%.
On the 25th of April 1974, a military coup called the Carnation Revolution overthrew the dictatorial Estado Novo government. After this, the country transitioned toward a democratic regime and experienced major social, economic, political, and territorial changes.
Since then, the 25th of April is known as Freedom Day in Portugal. It’s the day everyone in Portugal is looking forward to, while April is the month when both locals and tourists gather together to celebrate the civil liberties and political freedom acquired after the revolution!
This year, the country will celebrate a 50-year anniversary since the Carnation Revolution. The whole month of April is filled with hundreds of events held throughout the country that commemorate what happened in 1974 – from book releases and public debates to film festivals and art exhibitions.
Many are held in Portuguese, so if you’re just visiting the country and don’t speak its language, you’ll probably want to skip them. Luckily, we’ve foreseen this and prepared a list of events you can attend in Lisbon even if you don’t speak Portuguese. We’re sure you’ll find at least one you’ll be interested in!
Keep reading to discover seven events that will make you feel like you’ve stepped into a time machine and traveled back to the 1970s!
1. 50 Years of April at SNBA
When: 13.03 – 20.04
Where: Sociedade Nacional de Belas-Artes, R. Barata Salgueiro 36, 1250-044 Lisboa, Portugal
The SNBA has a long-established history and position in Portugal’s artistic landscape. After the Carnation Revolution, the SNBA held numerous artist meetings, including those of the Democratic Movement of Visual Artists, that discussed various cultural changes that would be soon implemented.
As such, this 50th anniversary serves as an excellent occasion to celebrate both the country’s democracy and the SNBA’s identity as a major cultural hub in Lisbon. Ana Lima-Netto, Ana Velez, Gracinda Candeias, Jaime Silva, Manuel Gantes, and Pedro Almeida are only some of the artists whose works you’ll see at this year’s exhibition.
2. 50 Anos de 25 Abril
When: 24.04 – 28.04
Where: Palácio Baldaya (Estr. de Benfica 701A, 1500-087 Lisboa, Portugal), Cine-Teatro Turim (Estr. de Benfica 723, 1500-337 Lisboa, Portugal)
From the 24th until the 28th of April, you can attend some major events at Palácio Baldaya and Cine-Teatro Turim in Lisbon. You’ll have the opportunity to listen to the most popular songs that have been associated with the country’s freedom in the last 50 years.
On the 25th of April, for instance, you can listen to David Fonseca at Palacio Baldaya, a famous Portuguese musician. The entrance is free, and the concert starts at 5 pm. In fact, almost all the events in the series have free entrance, except for the Sem Filtro and the Conta-me como foi events.
This series of events connects Portugal’s Carnation Revolution anniversary and the end of fascism in Italy. It’s a film festival that presents Italian classics and modern productions, offering a comprehensive overview of the Italian Resistance.
The festival began on the 1st of April and will end on the 25th with Rome, Cidade Aberta by Roberto Rossellini and Cravos de Abril by Ricardo Costa.
Click here for more details about the tickets and program.
Cinemateca Portuguesa. Photo by 69joehawkins (Wikipedia)
4. 50 Anos de 25 Abril em Almada
When: 11.04 – 24.04
Where: Almada
If you want to enjoy a one-day getaway in the beautiful Almada, you’ll just have to cross the river and attend the city’s Freedom Day celebration events!
The first event is scheduled for the 11th of April at 7 pm at the Almada Museum, Casa da Cidade – a photography exhibition by Alfredo Cunha focused on the Carnation Revolution. On the 13th of April, there will be another exhibition entitled Portais do Tempo at the Lisnave shipyard.
On the 24th of April, however, you’ll party like never before with locals in Praça da Liberdade! Dino D’Santiago, Tristany, and Batukadeiras Madame X are only some of the artists who will perform on stage that night. Oh, we almost forgot – there will also be fireworks at midnight!
Where: Museu do Aljube, R. Augusto Rosa 42, 1100-059 Lisboa, Portugal
If you want to attend a party but don’t want to leave Lisbon, head towards the Aljube Museum for the A Liberdade passa por aqui! Party. The program for the 20th of April includes Batucadeiras das Olaia, Samba Sem Fronteiras, and DIDI. On the 21st of April, the museum invited Mãe Bruxa, Celina da Piedade, and Tropicáustica.
For more events held at the museum, check out their official website.
Where: Torreão Nascente da Cordoaria Nacional, Edifício Cordoaria Nacional, Av. da Índia, 1300-299 Lisboa, Portugal
To commemorate 50 years of democracy, Lisbon’s Galerias Municipais opens the Factum exhibition. Over 170 photographs made by Eduardo Gageiro will be on display. They have been taken from the 1950s to 2023, thus illustrating some of the most important events that happened in Portugal in the last 70 years.
The Factum exhibition is an excellent way to discover more about the country you’re visiting – you’ll learn about political, social, and cultural changes, as well as major personalities that played a pivotal role in shaping today’s Portugal.
7. 25 abril. 25 imagens. 50 anos
When: 16.02 – 31.12
Where: Biblioteca Orlando Ribeiro, Estr. de Telheiras 146, 1600-772 Lisboa, Portugal
If you’ve seen the Factum exhibition and found the photographs intriguing (and fascinating!) enough, you should definitely consider heading to Biblioteca Orlando Ribeiro to see other photos taken by Eduardo Gageiro.
The exhibition has on display 25 photos taken in April and May 1974 that are of major historical and cultural value for anyone who wants to learn about the Carnation Revolution.
Biblioteca Municipal Orlando Ribeiro. Photo by Vitor Oliveira (Flickr)
Are you a museumgoer? Are you planning to visit Lisbon soon? Perfect! We’ve been expecting you! We’ve prepared quite a comprehensive guide about the National Museum of Ancient Art that will undoubtedly spark your curiosity!
Keep reading to learn some details about the museum’s history and the most significant art pieces in its collection! We’ve also included information about the location, hours, and prices. As a bonus, you’ll discover what else you can visit in the region after finishing your museum tour!
National Museum of Ancient Art – History
The roots of the National Museum of Ancient Art (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga – MNAA) can be traced back to the beginning of the 19th century.
Back then, religious orders were abolished, and religious artwork was brought into the public sphere. The art pieces were gathered in a deposit in Lisbon until the authorities would decide what to do with the collection, which included primarily paintings. Many of those paintings had been greatly damaged. Some had even been lost on the way to the Lisbon deposit. Nonetheless, the collection was quite impressive.
In 1836, The Academy of Fine Arts was established, and shortly after, the Academy founded the National Gallery of Painting. Over the years, the gallery acquired numerous other pieces of art, particularly in the aftermath of the Portuguese Liberal Wars when some private art collections were expropriated.
In 1884, the government purchased the Janelas Verde Palace and established the National Museum of Fine Arts there. At that time, the collection that is now on display at the National Museum of Ancient Art was on display in that museum. The same museum collection included the artworks we can now see in the National Museum of Contemporary Art.
They remained one single collection until the government decree issued on the 26th of May 1911, following the 1910 revolution, which aimed at overthrowing the Portuguese monarchy and replacing it with the First Portuguese Republic. After this, the National Museum of Fine Arts split into the National Museum of Ancient Art and the National Museum of Contemporary Art. The former kept all artworks signed before 1850 and remained in the Janelas Verdes palace.
National Museum of Ancient Art – Collection Highlights
Today, the National Museum of Ancient Art has over 40,000 artworks! Paintings, sculptures, ceramics, textiles, drawings, and prints – all these are on display for art enthusiasts! The museum has furniture and gold/silverware collections, as well as pieces of art associated with the Portuguese Discoveries.
Photo by Vitor Oliveira
The collection includes artworks signed by both Portuguese and foreign artists, including:
Nuno Gonçalves
Jorge Afonso
Francisco de Holanda
Francisco Henriques
Francisco Vieira
Jacob Adriaensz Backer
Hieronymus Bosch
David Gerard
Albrecht Duerer
Anthonis Mor
Francisco de Zurbaran
Francois Boucher
Andrea del Sarto.
If you want to discover some incredible details about the most significant artworks you’ll see on display, keep reading!
1. St. Vincent Panels
The St. Vincent Panels consist of six paintings possibly signed by Nuno Gonçalves. These artworks are highly praised in the country for their symbolic and cultural importance.
The paintings depict a group of 58 people gathered around St. Vincent. The whole artwork is an amalgamation of various social groups brought together for veneration shown to the patron of the Maghreb military expansion of the 15th century.
The panels are celebrated for their masterful portrayal of human figures – in terms of facial expressions, costumes, and accessories.
The St. Vincent Panels by Nuno Gonçalves. Public Domain.
2. Hell
Another painting displayed at the National Museum of Ancient Art that will likely catch your attention is Hell, executed probably sometime between 1510 and 1520. Unfortunately, the author of this artwork remains unknown.
As its title suggests, the painting depicts a medieval image of Hell. It incorporates various torments one can endure after committing deadly sins.
3. Cross of Dom Sancho I
The Cross of Dom Sancho I dates from 1213. Like in the case of Hell, the creator of this remarkable all-gold piece remains unknown. However, specialists confirmed that the piece was commissioned by Dom Sancho I for the Mosteiro de Santa Cruz in Coimbra.
Besides being made of solid gold (which is remarkable enough already!), the cross is adorned with precious stones and pearls. The reverse of the cross displays some engravings, including a lamb, the symbol of death and sacrifice, as well as the symbols of the four evangelists: the lion of St. Mark, the eagle of St. John, the bull of St. Luke, and the angel of St. Matthew.
4. Belém Monstrance
The Belém Monstrance is probably one of the most famous pieces in the museum’s collection. Dating from 1506, it can possibly be attributed to Gil Vicente, a celebrated Portuguese goldsmith. The cross was commissioned by King Manuel I for the Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Belém.
The gold used for this artwork was brought from Kilwa (present-day Tanzania) to Portugal by Vasco da Gama. The king of Kilwa had sent the gold to Portugal as a sign of vassalage (a position of subordination).
Designed as a symbol for the veneration of the congregation, the monstrance is adorned with twelve apostles kneeling in the center. You can also notice a dove hovering above them, which is the symbol of the Holy Spirit. There’s also a figure of God holding the globe. As such, the monstrance is regarded as a representation of the Holy Trinity.
Additionally, one can also notice the emblem of King Manuel I. This is not surprising, after all. Most of the artworks and churches commissioned by him were marked by his emblem.
Belem Monstrance. Public Domain.
5. Table Centerpiece by Thomas Germain
One of the most praised artworks displayed at the National Museum of Ancient Art is the table centerpiece signed by Thomas Germain, a famous silversmith.
It was commissioned by the Duke of Aveiro likely in the context of the ritual service à la française instituted at the end of the 17th century. It is a remarkable silver piece that would take anyone’s breath away!
6. The Chinese Pot
The Chinese Pot probably dates from 1757-1600. It is one of the few examples of 16th-century Chinese export pottery. It bears the insignia of the Augustinian Order.
The decorations of the pot indicate that the artwork was likely created for a monastery, possibly Convento de Nossa Senhora da Graça in Macau, China.
The piece was purchased in 1959 from an art market in Amsterdam.
7. The Salt Cellar
The salt cellar is a unique piece originating from Africa’s west coast. It serves as evidence of the major cultural exchange that occurred during the Portuguese Discoveries.
The incomplete salt cellar dates from the 16th century and was likely created in Benin, Africa. The figures portrayed in this piece have remarkable physiognomic characteristics and costumes, which point to traditional African craftsmanship. Some of the textile patterns reproduced in this artwork are still seen in Nigeria.
8. The Namban Folding Screens
These spectacular pieces entitled the Namban Folding Screens attest to the relationship between Portugal and Japan. They depict the arrival of the Portuguese vessels in Nagasaki in 1543. The screens were likely created at the beginning of the 17th century and are among the few artistic documents that bring immense value to such a significant historical moment.
The Namban Folding Screens were created using wooden lattice, paper, gold leaf, silk, lacquer, and copper gilt.
A screen pair was purchased from an art market in Paris, while the other was acquired from Japan. One pair is attributed to Kano Naizen, while the second was likely created by Kano Domi.
9. Salome with the Head of St. John the Baptist
An iconic painting signed by Lucas Cranach, Salome with the Head of St. John the Baptist was created at the beginning of the 16th century. The artist, a contemporary of Albrecht Duerer and Grunewald, was part of the German Renaissance.
This artwork stands as proof of his mastery. It also marked the beginning of a series of other works focused on the power of women, thus contributing significantly to the exude eroticism that would become characteristic of Cranach’s works.
10. The Annunciation
Although purchased only recently, The Annunciation is probably one of the most notable pieces in the museum. It opened the doors to 15th-century Portuguese painting.
The painting dates from 1430-1434 and was executed by Álvaro Pires de Évora, a painter considered estrangeirado, meaning that he used foreign styles and traditions in his artwork. He is now regarded as one of the founding fathers of Portuguese painting.
The Annunciation was likely created at the end of the painter’s career and is a remarkable piece that serves as testimony to his impressive technique.
11. St. Jerome
St. Jerome, also known as St. Jerome in His Study, is an oil painting signed by Albrecht Duerer, yet another German Renaissance artist.
The painting was executed at the beginning of the 16th century when Duerer was living in the Netherlands. He then donated it to Rodrigo Fernandes de Almada, the head of the Portuguese trade mission in the Netherlands. The painting remained in his family’s possession until 1880. Afterwards, it was donated to the MNAA.
As its title suggests, the painting depicts St. Jerome, the patron saint of Christian humanists. It is considered one of his most accurate and detailed portraits.
12. Triptych of Temptation of St. Anthony
Triptych of Temptation of St. Anthony is an oil painting signed by Hieronymus Bosch, one of the most prominent painters of the Early Netherlandish school.
Divided into three wood panels, the painting depicts the spiritual torments endured by Anthony the Great, also known as Anthony of Egypt. The painting also portrays several fantastic images, and brings together air, earth, fire, and water – the four elements of the Universe.
The painting dates from the beginning of the 16th century.
Temptations of Saint Anthony. Public Domain.
National Museum of Ancient Art – Location, Hours, Tickets
The National Museum of Ancient Art is located on Rua das Janelas Verdes in Lisbon. If you’re using public transport, here are the routes that will take you to the museum:
Buses: 713, 714, 727, 728, 732, 760
Trams: 15E, 18E, 25E
Train: the Cascais Line
Metro: You can also take the metro line to the Rato station, but you’ll have to walk around 32 minutes to get to the museum
The National Museum of Ancient Art is open from Tuesday to Sunday, from 10 am to 6 pm. However, some museum rooms have restricted access and may be closed. For example, the rooms on level two are closed between 1 pm and 2 pm.
The standard ticket costs 10 EUR. Nonetheless, if you purchase a family ticket for one adult and one child under 18 years, you’ll pay half the price. Seniors and young visitors under 24 can also benefit from a 50% discount. Children under 12, teachers, tourism workers, journalists, and other similar professionals can enter for free.
If you want to visit the exhibition entitled Shared Identities. Spanish painting in Portugal, you’ll have to get a separate ticket that costs 5 EUR. However, you can buy a joint one for 12 EUR.
The museum also has a restaurant that overlooks the river where you can enjoy a pleasant Portuguese lunch. It is open from Tuesday to Sunday, from 10 am to 5:30 pm.
Must-Visit Places Close to MNAA
If you plan to visit MNAA, we recommend booking a whole day for that region, as there are other places you’ll want to check out!
For example, the museum is overlooking the river and is very close to the famous Ponte 25 de Abril. We strongly recommend scheduling a walk along the river towards the bridge (at sunset, if possible!), as the road opens up spectacular views!
You’ll find a myriad of restaurants and cafes there, so if you want to stop for lunch, dinner, or just a cup of coffee or a glass of wine, you’ll have plenty of choices!
Furthermore, the National Museum of Ancient Art is close to the Museum of the Orient. It was founded in 2008 to preserve the heritage of Asian countries and promote a fruitful collaboration between the East and the West.
This way, you’ll kill two birds with one stone! You’ll visit two of the most iconic museums in Lisbon on the same day and even get to have a romantic walk along the river!
If you prefer connecting with nature rather than going for a walk around the city, we recommend heading to Jardim dos Cactos, where you can delight in several cacti species and feel like you’ve stepped into the wild! Beware of the birds living there!
Jardim dos Cactos is part of a much larger park called Tapada das Necessidades, which is among the top green destinations in the city. There’s also a historical landmark in the park, Casa do Regalo, so you’ll have a complete trip – history, nature, and fun!
Are you planning a trip to Lisbon? If so, you must be scouting for must-visit places in the city, right?! We’ve got something you’ll probably enjoy – the Bordalo Pinheiro Museum! It is dedicated to the life and work of Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro, one of Portugal’s most celebrated artists.
Even if you’re not an art enthusiast, you’ll embark on a culturally rich journey by visiting the museum, as Pinheiro’s work outlines numerous political, social, and cultural subtleties. This way, you won’t only learn about his ceramics that are still praised and inspire thousands of other works but also discover more about the country you’re about to enjoy! Imagine that the museum has a collection of more than 13,000 pieces! What a delight!
Have we aroused your interest?! Keep reading, then! We’ll start by sharing some details about Pinheiro, then move to museum details. As a bonus, we’ve included something about swallows!
Who Was Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro?
Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro was an artist born in Lisbon. He is now famous for his illustrations, caricatures, ceramic designs, and sculptures. By far the most renowned Bordalian artwork is Zé Povinho, a cartoon character portraying a Portuguese everyman. It eventually became the symbol of the Portuguese working class.
Pinheiro wasn’t the only artist in the family. His father, Manuel Maria Bordalo Pinheiro, was a painter, as was his brother – Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro. He lived and created during a period called Fontismo, which lasted for 20 years, from 1868 until 1889. It was a time of modernization and technological and industrial development when many bridges and roads were built, as well as the Portuguese railway network.
Throughout his career, Pinheiro focused much on the cultural, social, and political details of the time, which is why his work is now so treasured by both Portuguese and other peoples. Considering that he lived during Fontismo, his work is, just like everything else created at the time, filled with innovation and dynamism.
In the 1880s, after having built an extensive artistic career, Pinheiro turned to ceramics. He and his brother Feliciano Bordalo Pinheiro founded a ceramics factory in Caldas da Rainha, which functions until today. Rafael was in charge of technical and artistic matters, while his brother was responsible for managing the factory.
They produced ornamental ceramic products, including everyday tableware and wall coverings. Thanks to the skills Rafael had developed as a caricaturist, his ceramics acquired a completely unique style. He aimed at capturing the moment as if taking a photo, thus presenting things in a mimetic style, a naturalist strategy.
Naturalism is at the core of many ceramic motifs that are still highly characteristic of Portugal. Back then, they were also used by Pinheiro – floral motifs, fruits, vegetables, live animals, or dead animals presented as food, including the famous sardines.
Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. Public Domain
The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum
The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum was established in 1916. It aims at preserving and studying Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro’s art. The museum was founded at the request of Cruz Magalhães, an art collector, poet, critic, humorist, and, last but not least, a dedicated admirer of Pinheiro’s lifework.
When the museum opened its doors to the public, it had only one floor to its disposal. Less than ten years later, it extended its headquarters to other rooms, and the staff was already holding numerous events and exhibitions dedicated to Pinheiro.
After Lisbon City Council took charge of the museum’s management, it further extended its area and acquired quite a rich ceramics collection, as well as a specialized library. Additionally, the museum staff was actively collecting whatever pieces they could find related to the Pinheiro family.
Between 1999 and 2005, the museum was closed following some structural problems. It reopened after intensive restoration.
Here’s what exhibitions you’ll enjoy if you add this museum to your Lisbon must-visit list:
The life and work of Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro
The life and work of Manuel Gustavo, Pinheiro’s son
A photograph collection of 1,800 pieces of the Bordalo Pinheiro family, their ceramics factory, and others.
An extensive collection of “Bordalian” magazines which published Pinheiro’s graphic work.
A collection of 2,600 drawings signed by Pinheiro and his son, as well as other artists, including Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro and Stuart Carvalhaes.
A collection of 3,300 lithographed pages from humorous periodicals.
A collection of 100 paintings, including Rafael’s portrait made by his brother Columbano.
More than 1,000 ceramic pieces made by Pinheiro and other artists.
100 tile pieces produced at the ceramics factory in Caldas da Rainha. Some are as old as the factory, dating from 1884.
A 3,000-piece collection of documents which includes correspondence, postcards, diaries, and notes.
A collection of 100 materials and tools Pinheiro and his son used for their artwork.
All in all, the museum collection has more than 13,000 objects that can help visitors unravel the life of the Pinheiro family bit by bit!
In addition, the museum has its own library dedicated to the Bordalo Pinheiro family. It has more than 4,000 titles specialized particularly in Rafael’s work, including periodical publications.
The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum – Location, Hours, and Tickets
The Bordalo Pinheiro Museum is in Lisbon, on Campo Grande 382. It is very close to Universidade Lusófona and Jardim Mário Soares.
Unfortunately, it is quite far from the city center, but you can schedule an entertaining journey to reach it: take a walk through Parque Eduardo VII, visit the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, and end your day trip at the Bordalo Pinheiro Museum. If you have time the next day, you can also check out the zoo, as it’s not far from the museum.
Here’s what public transport will take you to Bordalo Pinheiro Museum:
Metro: green or yellow lines that take you to the Campo Grande Station
The ticket costs only 3 EUR. If you have a Lisbon Card, you’ll pay 2,40 EUR. Children up to 12 years old do not need a ticket. If you’re a journalist, teacher, tourism professional, or researcher with credentials, you can also enter the museum for free. However, you’ll probably need a document proving this.
The museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 6 pm.
Bordalo Pinheiro Museum. Photo by Youri Paiva (Flickr)
Bordalo Pinheiro’s Swallow
One of the most famous Bordalian motifs is the swallow, which has now become a Portuguese icon. Although Pinheiro used countless vegetable and animal elements in his artwork, the swallow somehow gained much more attention.
It was in 1891 that Pinheiro made his first ceramic swallows, some of which are still hanging in Tabacaria Monaco in Lisbon. This shop is located in a passageway, and it is not only home to Pinheiro’s swallows but also to some of his tiles and Antonio Ramalho’s ceiling paintings.
Today, you’ll find swallow-themed ceramics and art everywhere in Portugal! Besides carrying bits of Portuguese culture and history, these pieces are symbols of good luck, commitment, joy, loyalty, freedom, and positivity. In short, if you’ve run out of souvenir ideas, don’t hesitate to equip yourself with some Bordalian swallows – your family back home will be delighted!
Even more, you can visit the official Bordallo Pinheiro shop in Lisbon and get your unique pieces! It’s located on Avenida Guerra Junqueiro, 28-D, and is open from Monday to Saturday between 10 am and 7 pm, with a 1-hour break between 2 and 3 pm.
However, this isn’t the only selling point in Lisbon where you can find pieces manufactured at the Bordalo Pinheiro ceramics factory. You can also check them out here:
A Vida Portuguesa – Intendente: Largo do Intendente Pina Manique 23
A Vida Portuguesa – Chiado: Rua Anchieta 11 Chiado
Arte Periferica: Centro Cultural de Belem
Bordallo Pinheiro El Corte Ingles Lisboa: Avenida António Augusto de Aguiar, nr. 31, Piso 5.
Cerâmicas Na Linha – Lisboa: Rua Capelo, 16 A 1
Fimilola: Rua Luís Augusto Palmeirim, nr. 1
In addition, the store has numerous selling points throughout the country. You can find them here.
The Portuguese NIF, or Número de Identificação Fiscal, is Portugal’s taxpayer identification number. This nine-digit number is essential for various legal and financial activities within the country. The NIF is assigned to both nationals and foreigners and serves as a key identifier for tax purposes. This number is unique to each individual and remains unchanged throughout their lifetime.
This article delves into the background of the NIF, the application process, and its practical uses and benefits. Understanding the NIF is essential for anyone navigating the financial and legal landscape of Portugal and has become an indispensable part of life in Portugal.
The Background and Necessity of the NIF
The NIF began to be used in Portugal in 1989. Its introduction was driven by the need to enhance tax collection efficiency and combat evasion. Before the NIF, Portugal’s tax system relied on multiple identification numbers for different services, which led to confusion, inefficiencies, and downright tax evasion. The NIF unified these systems and provided a singular, comprehensive identifier for tax purposes.
This shift not only streamlined administrative processes but also significantly improved the government’s ability to monitor and enforce tax laws. By simplifying the tax identification process, the NIF has played a crucial role in modernizing Portugal’s fiscal infrastructure and bolstering its economy.
Obtaining a NIF for Residency Applications
Obtaining a NIF is the first, crucial step for those applying for residency in Portugal. It’s the first official document required in the residency process. This number is not just for tax purposes but also serves as a form of identification within the country, similar to the social security number in the USA.
Without a NIF, applicants will find it basically impossible to complete essential tasks like renting a home, setting up utility services, or opening a bank account, all of which are necessary for establishing residency.
The NIF also demonstrates an applicant’s intent to be integrated into the Portuguese fiscal system. It signals to authorities that you are committed to contributing to and participating in the country’s economy and society. For those seeking to make Portugal their home, you won’t get anywhere without first obtaining your NIF.
How to Apply for a NIF
Applying for a NIF in Portugal is a straightforward process. Initially, individuals should visit a local tax office, known as Finanças, with their identification documents. For residents, this means a passport or ID card, and for non-residents, a passport and proof of address are required. Representation through a legal proxy is also an option for those abroad. Several companies have been set up to assist with this process when applicants are still overseas. The application can be completed in person or, in some cases, online for residents with a digital certificate.
Scott Graham, Unsplash
Upon submitting the necessary documents, the tax office processes the application. Typically, the NIF is issued immediately or within a few days. It’s important to keep this number secure, as it is used extensively in financial and legal transactions. For non-residents, obtaining a NIF is essential before engaging in activities like buying property or starting a business in Portugal. The process is designed to be accessible and ensures that everyone can participate in Portugal’s economy and society.
If you are considering becoming a Portuguese resident, start the NIF process as soon as possible as it won’t cost anything to hold on to it even if you don’t use it, and it may take longer than expected to receive the NIF in some cases.
When do you use the NIF in Portugal?
The NIF is used in various situations from opening a bank account to signing a lease. It is also necessary for employment and enrollment in the national health system. Essentially, any financial transaction or contract within Portugal mandates the use of the NIF. It is also required in interactions with government entities and private institutions.
When should I give my NIF number for purchases?
Any time that you need an invoice or a receipt issued, whether you’re at the dentist or paying for maintenance work on your house, you will need to give your NIF (You will often hear the phrase “número de contribuinte” at the counter, which signals that you need to provide your fiscal number). This is particularly relevant for high-value purchases.
Moreover, making purchases in various stores, whether for clothing, electronics, or services, commonly involves the option to include your NIF on receipts. At the grocery store, you’ll often be asked for your NIF at checkout, which enables the tracking of your spending for tax deduction purposes.
Similarly, ticket machines at train stations will ask for your NIF and McDonald’s kiosks offer the option to input your NIF for every order placed. The only places that do not commonly ask for your NIF are restaurants and coffee shops.
Linking purchases to your NIF can facilitate warranty claims and returns. It’s not mandatory for everyday small transactions, but it’s a common practice for larger ones. This widespread practice not only facilitates potential tax benefits but also serves as an indication of your active participation in the Portuguese economy.
Regularly using your NIF underscores your residency status and contributes to the demonstration of your economic integration and presence in Portugal. Hence, carrying your NIF or memorizing it can speed up your time spent at the payment counter and also help you learn to count to ten in Portuguese.
Does giving my NIF help me save on taxes?
Yes, providing your NIF can give you some tax benefits. Portugal’s tax system allows deductions for certain expenses when they are associated with your NIF. These include health expenses, education costs, and general household expenditures. By compiling these expenses, individuals can potentially reduce their taxable income and save on their taxes.
Additionally, general consumer purchases, when registered with your NIF, contribute to the accumulation of deductible expenses, including certain percentages of VAT (Value Added Tax) on invoices for restaurants, repair services, and beauty services.
Portugal has a unique system known as “e-fatura” where taxpayers can track their expenses and associated tax deductions online. By logging into the official Finanças website and navigating to the e-fatura section, individuals can view their recorded purchases, validate invoices, and manage their personal finances with an eye towards optimizing tax deductions.
This digital tracking encourages transparency, facilitates easier management of tax-related affairs, and allows taxpayers to maximize their eligible deductions and potentially lower their tax payments.
We hope that you now have a better idea of the fundamental aspects of the Portuguese NIF and how it is used in your daily life in Portugal. It is a critical component in navigating Portugal’s financial, legal, and tax systems. Whether you’re engaging in daily transactions or dealing with larger financial issues, your NIF plays a pivotal role.
Once you become a resident in Portugal, we advise you to memorize your NIF as soon as possible or, at the very least, print out your NIF number on a laminated card that you can carry in your wallet to always have your number easily accessible.
March was Earth’s 10th warmest consecutive month on record.
Since June 2023, Earth has been breaking heat records every month. Last month (March 2024) was the 10th consecutive month of record breaking.
Consider that this data was made public by the European observation program Copernicus, which studies the Earth temperatures.
Moreover, the temperature of the air and of the oceans was also historically high. Last month’s average was 14.14 ºC, 0.10 ºC above the previous record, which was registered in 2016.
When it comes to the global sea surface temperature, the average was 21.07 ºC, 1.58 ºC above the base level (the base level is the temperature that was registered at the end of the 19th century, right before the exponential increase of the usage of fossil fuels).
According to scientists, this increase should not be a surprise. They believe it has a lot to do with El Niño, which is a climatic phenomenon that heats up the center of the Pacific and changes global climate patterns. This year’s El Niño was especially strong and led to high temperatures.
However, most climate scientists and activists pin the increase on human action and the consequent gas emissions. According to them, this is the main cause of global warming, and without real change, things will remain the same.
Note that, in 2015, with the Paris Agreement, the global community established the objective of limiting global warming to 1.5 ºC, or less above the base level.
The Portuguese nurses publicly announced that they will be on strike for five days, in the end of April/beginning of May.
Several union structures have called for a collective strike during the end of this month and the beginning of the next one. It will take place on April 26, 29, and 30 and May 2 and 3. Among the requests are a need for salary and career reviews and the recruitment of more professionals.
Furthermore, the nurses also ask for a new evaluation and performance model – one that minimizes risk by being fair, transparent, and executable. Hopefully, this will diminish the wear and tear of the profession and facilitate its integration within the public services.
The strike will cover the public, private, and social sectors, depending on the days. On the first day (April 26), it will happen in the North. On the second day (April 29) in the Azores, and on the third day (April 30) in Madeira. Last but not least, the fourth and fifth days (May 2 and 3) will cover the Center and the South of Portugal.
Note, however, that minimum services will be provided. ERs (emergency rooms), intensive care, ORs (operating rooms), and some oncological treatments will still be active and in operation.
Portugal boasts a rich tradition of conventual sweets, a cultural heritage that is deeply intertwined with the country’s history and culture. These delectable treats originate from the ingenious creativity of nuns and monks and have evolved into a diverse array of desserts that delight locals and visitors alike.
Let’s first examine the history and then explore some of the most iconic and mouth-watering conventual sweets that make up part of Portugal’s culinary heritage.
What Is a Conventual Sweet?
A conventual sweet in Portugal refers to a dessert originally created in convents and monasteries. These sweets date back to the 15th century. Portuguese conventual sweets are distinct, using primarily egg yolks, abundant sugar, and minimal flour, resulting in exceptionally rich desserts.
This led to a diverse array of sweets, each with a unique story and origin, as the nuns and monks used these ingredients to create various pastries, cakes, and puddings.
Conventual sweets are an important part of Portugal’s culinary heritage. Some examples, which we list below, include the iconic Pastéis de Nata, commonly known as egg custard tarts, and “pão de ló,” a sponge cake.
The History of Portuguese Conventual Sweets
The notoriety of conventual sweets grew from the 15th century, fueled by the availability of sugar cane from Brazil and Madeira. Portugal, a significant egg producer in the 18th and 19th centuries, had an abundance of egg yolks due to the export of egg whites and their use in wine production and laundry. This surplus led convents to create a myriad of sweets for religious festivals and private sales.
Additionally, convents served as educational and refuge spaces, where nobles’ daughters, often joined by servants, contributed to the sweets’ preparation. This collaborative environment fostered the development and sharing of countless recipes. Thus, conventual sweets are rich in history and a beloved component of Portuguese culinary art.
The convents of the Poor Clares, Santa Clara, and the Carmelites created the most famous sweets. This would come in handy when religious orders were closed after 1834’s Liberal Revolution, forcing convents to sell sweets to survive. Nuns passed recipes to families or pastry shops. However, many recipes were lost or destroyed. Today, top pastry shops across Portugal guard their secret recipes closely.
Now that we’ve learned the history, let’s jump into some of the most well-known conventual sweets which you are likely to see in one of Portugal’s many pastry shops.
1. Pastel de Nata – The Quintessential Portuguese Tart
Pastel de Nata, a crunchy tart filled with a luscious egg cream, is a beloved symbol of Portuguese pastries and the most famous Portuguese food worldwide. Originating in the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, this dessert has captured the hearts of visitors from all over the world with its unique flavor and texture. Roasted to perfection and often dusted with cinnamon or powdered sugar, Pastel de Nata is a must-try for anyone seeking an authentic taste of Portugal.
Pastel de Nata. Photo by Diogo Nunes (Unsplash)
2. Ovos Moles – Soft Eggs from Aveiro
Ovos Moles, meaning “soft eggs,” is a traditional dessert hailing from Aveiro in central Portugal. Made from egg yolks and sugar, this delicacy is often shaped into intricate forms like shells, fish, or moliceiros (typical boats of Aveiro). Designated as a product with Protected Geographical Indication by the European Union, Ovos Moles offer a one-of-a-kind and delightful culinary experience.
Ovos moles from Aveiro, R G, Flickr
3. Bolo Rei – The Kings Cake of Christmas
Bolo Rei, or Kings Cake, is a festive delight enjoyed during Christmas and Epiphany in Portugal. This traditional cake, covered with nuts, dried fruits, and crystallized fruit, has a special place in Portuguese holiday celebrations. Perhaps it’s the fun tradition that adds a touch of excitement—if you find a fava bean, it means you’ll be responsible for the Kings Cake next year. Make sure you search for this bean when you enjoy a slice of cake.
Bolo Rei spotted at Confeitaria Nacional, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Flickr
4. Pão de Ló de Ovar – The Decadent Sponge Cake
The Pão de Ló de Ovar is a traditional Portuguese sponge cake that comes from the town of Ovar, a town in Portugal. Known for its moist, fluffy texture and rich, eggy flavor, this delicacy is a beloved dessert across the country. It is often served during festive occasions and holidays, such as Easter. The cake’s distinctive feature is its slightly undercooked center, giving it a creamy consistency that sets it apart from other sponge cakes. If you have a penchant for Portuguese egg cream, this cake is guaranteed to captivate your taste buds.
Pão de Ló de Ovar, Marco Coelho, Flickr
5. Lampreia de Ovos – A Unique Christmas Treat
Lampreia de Ovos, a sweet replica of a terrifying sea monster made from 50 egg yolks, is a unique Christmas treat in Portugal. This dessert, with its intricate design that resembles the ancient lamprey fish, showcases the creativity and artistry of Portuguese pastry chefs. Adorned with candied cherry eyes, peeled almond teeth, and sugary egg threads, Lampreia de Ovos is a visual and gastronomic delight.
Lampreia de Ovos, Pastelaria Atlântico, Flickr
6. Cornucópias of Goodness – A Horn-Shaped Pastry
Cornucópias from Alcobaça’s Monastery in Alcobaça, a Portuguese city in the Leiria District, are exquisite delights. Crafted into horn-shaped, flaky pastry shells, they’re generously filled with a luscious sweet egg cream. These treats are deeply rooted in the country’s conventual confectionery tradition and embody the perfect balance of sweetness, making them a cherished dessert among locals and visitors alike.
Cornucópias, Ladymissmba, Flickr
7. Queijadas – The Perfect Snack That Varies by Region
Queijadas are a popular Portuguese treat, small in size but rich in flavor. They are traditional pastries made from a blend of cheese, eggs, milk, and sugar, all encased in a thin, crisp pastry shell. Different regions of Portugal each offer a unique take on the recipe and add local ingredients to the mix. Queijadas are especially beloved for their creamy, sweet filling and are commonly enjoyed as a snack or dessert accompanied by a strong cup of coffee.
Queijadas de Sintra, hugovk, Flickr
8. Heavenly Bacon—Or Is It?
The “Toucinho do Céu,” which translates to “Bacon from Heaven,” is another delicious pastry that has its roots in the São Bento monastery in Murça, Trás-os-Montes, Ovidelas. Surprising many with its name, this treat actually contains no bacon! Instead, it is a sumptuous cake that blends grated almonds, sugar syrup, Gila candy, flour, and egg yolks into a rectangular, powdered sugar-dusted masterpiece. Its intriguing name stems from the original use of lard in its recipe, and this sweet has also become a traditional treat in Alentejo, Guimarães, and Évora.
Toucinho-do-céu de Murça (on top), fotolegendas, Flickr
9. Pastel de Tentúgal from Nossa Senhora do Carmo Convent
The Pastel de Tentúgal is a renowned conventual sweet, born within the walls of the Nossa Senhora do Carmo Convent in Tentúgal, near Coimbra, and crafted by Carmelite nuns. This delicacy stands out as one of Portugal’s most celebrated conventual treats. It features a unique combination of crunchy filo pastry, encasing a soft, creamy filling of sweet egg cream. The contrast between the delicate, crisp layers and the rich, smooth center makes the Pastel de Tentúgal a divine culinary experience, beloved for its exquisite texture and flavor.
Pastel de Tentúgal, David Samuel Santos, Flickr
10. Pudim Abade de Priscos – A Clergyman Creates His Own Dessert
The Abade de Priscos pudding, a hallmark of Portuguese cuisine, owes its creation to Abbot Manuel Joaquim Rebelo in the 19th century, who served in Priscos, near Braga. Unlike many traditional sweets that originated in convents, this dessert was the innovation of a clergyman renowned for his exceptional culinary skills. Characterized by its rich egg content and the unconventional use of lard, the pudding boasts a uniquely silky texture and sweetness, offering a melt-in-the-mouth experience. Despite the surprising ingredient, the lard’s presence is cleverly masked, which contributes to the dessert’s divine quality without overpowering it.
Pudim do Abade de Priscos, esqueirinhos, Flickr
11. Brisas do Lis – A New Favorite
Brisas do Lis hold a special place in Leiria’s culinary tradition. Originating in the early 20th century, these sweets are made from egg yolk, sugar, and almonds. Although newer than many traditional recipes, they are highly cherished. They have repeatedly been named the “best conventual sweet” at Portuguese food events. This accolade underscores their significance in Portugal’s gastronomic scene.
Brisas do Lis, Tiago Castro, Flickr
12. Pastel de Feijão – An Everyday Favorite from Torres Vedras
Like the pastel de nata, the Pastel de Feijão from Torres Vedras is considered an everyday classic among conventual sweets. Common in Lisbon’s pastry shops, it’s a favorite for a mid-afternoon coffee snack. This sweet is comprised of a smooth purée of white beans, almonds, egg yolks, and sugar. It is encased in a crispy dough shell and sometimes has a light dusting of confectioners’ sugar. This blend of flavors and textures has made it a beloved treat.
Pastel de Feijão, Torres Vedras CM, Flickr
Final Thoughts
Portugal’s conventual treats, like Brisas do Lis, Pastel de Feijão, and the world-famous pastel de nata, embody the rich culinary heritage of the country. These sweets blend traditional ingredients with centuries-old recipes and offer a taste of history in every bite. Whether enjoyed as a mid-afternoon snack or a festive treat, they continue to be a unique and well-loved part of Portuguese gastronomy. The next time that you walk into a pastry shop in Portugal, see if you can recognize any of these tasty sweets!
Portugal is an incredibly rich country in terms of history and culture. Its territory is filled to the brim with awe-striking buildings that stand out as a testament to the country’s artistic identity!
Although Manueline is by far the most famous and sought-after style in the country, Romanesque architecture flourished in Portugal in the 12th century, so we definitely should not overlook it.
During that time, many Romanesque churches and monasteries were built. The development of this style was intertwined with the Portuguese participation in the Reconquista, which is why the buildings stand out not only as architectural monuments but also as significant historical landmarks.
Join us in this cultural journey of (re)discovering Portuguese Romanesque architecture!
Romanesque Architecture in Portugal
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe, having been predominant in the 11th and 12th centuries. It preceded the Gothic style.
The Romanesque style has its roots in Roman techniques. It developed simultaneously in Italy, France, and the Iberian Peninsula.
In Portugal, the Romanesque was predominant in recently conquered regions. They were likely more open to influences. As such, even though Romanesque influences arrived in Portugal at the end of the 11th century, it wasn’t until the second quarter of the 12th century that the style actually became popular.
It is believed that the Reconquista – a series of military campaigns waged by Christian kingdoms against the Muslim kingdoms – caused the increased use of Romanesque techniques in Portugal.
The Reconquista took place from the North to the South. If one were to follow a route of Romanesque architecture in Portugal, they’d notice that the North is abundant in Romanesque buildings, whereas the South has fewer landmarks. More precisely, Romanesque churches are very common in the Northwest and the Center.
The expansion of the Romanesque also coincided with the territory’s reorganization since many new parishes appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries. The churches were considered “the consecrating pole of the entire parish,” so it was only natural that so many were built during that period.
Afonso Henriques, also known as Afonso I and the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal. It was during his reign that some of the most iconic Portuguese Romanesque constructions were built.
During his reign, Portugal was adorned with the famous cathedrals in Lisbon, Coimbra, Viseu, and Porto, as well as with the Monastery of Santa Cruz. It’s worth noting, however, that many of the original Romanesque decorations were lost over time. The Monastery of Santa Cruz, for example, was fully Romanesque at first, displaying French Romanesque influences. Over the years, the decorations were destroyed or replaced. Today, it is largely Manueline.
Romanesque Architecture – Characteristics
Although predominantly a religious architecture, the Romanesque style was also used for:
Townhouses
Domestic buildings
Military structures
Palaces
Commercial premises
Castles
City walls
Bridges
Here are some characteristics that are typical of the Romanesque:
Thick walls and small windows
Rectangular piers that support arches
Columns that serve for structural and decorative purposes
Corinthian capitals (round at the bottom and square at the top, sitting on a circular column) that supported an arch or a wall
Barrel, groin, ribbed, or pointed-arched vaults
Octagonal domes with corner squinches (triangular corners that support the dome base)
A Latin Cross plan
Symmetrical facades with two tall towers on each side and deeply recessed openings
A single portal placed on the west front
Lombard band arcades (rows of small arches supporting a roofline)
Aisles separated by arcades
Larger monasteries may have three aisles supported by columns or piers
Semicircular arches
Geometrical decorations
Figurative sculptures, particularly around cathedral and church portals; these are usually Biblical in subject or depict legends of local saints (particularly in Portugal) to teach people about virtues and sins; some Portuguese Romanesque buildings also feature mundane events, like musicians playing instruments, people dancing, or peasants planting crops.
Mural decorations
Stained glass
Corbels featuring human or animal heads, as well as imaginary beasts
Wooden roofs
Cloisters (an open gallery or arcade) running along the building wall
Due to historical circumstances, Portuguese Romanesque churches have a unique trait – although they’re all quite similar at first glance, there are some dissimilarities between churches located in different regions.
These differences can be linked to political and geographical circumstances and external influences. All these distinguishable Romanesque styles are sometimes called dialects of the Portuguese Romanesque.
Romanesque Landmarks in Portugal
If you’re passionate about architecture or simply want to immerse yourself in Portugal’s history and culture, we strongly recommend adding these landmarks to your must-visit list!
1. Lisbon Cathedral
The Cathedral of Lisbon (Sé de Lisboa), located in the heart of the city, is its oldest church. It is among the most iconic Romanesque buildings in the country.
The cathedral was built in 1147. It has been restored multiple times, after having survived several earthquakes – some in the 14th and 16th centuries and, naturally, the infamous 1755 Lisbon earthquake. As a consequence, the building is now a combination of various architectural styles, although it was originally fully Romanesque.
The Cathedral of Lisbon has a Latin cross plan – it has three aisles, a transept (a transverse part that lies across the main body of the building), a main chapel, and an ambulatory that surrounds it.
With two towers flanking the entrance, the facade has a fortress-like appearance. The circular rose window stands out among all other elements adorning the facade. The portals are also decorated with capitals featuring Romanesque motifs.
At the end of the 13th century, some Gothic elements were added:
A Gothic cloister (which was damaged during the 1755 earthquake)
The Romanesque apse was replaced by a Gothic chapel (which was destroyed during the 1755 earthquake)
The ambulatory was adorned with three Gothic tombs
Later on, during the 17th century, Sé de Lisboa was decorated with a Baroque sacristy. After the 1755 earthquake, the chapel acquired a neoclassical and Rococo appearance. In the 20th century, however, the neoclassical elements were removed.
Lisbon Cathedral. Photo by Alvesgaspar (Wiki)
2. Cathedral of Braga
The Cathedral of Braga was likely finished in the 13th century.
Back then, its Western facade was fully Romanesque. Today, however, it looks completely different except for some capitals and archivolts. The portal on the Southern facade retains Romanesque elements, particularly on the tympanum and columns. The interior of the church has three aisles.
Although the chapels were Romanesque in style at first, they were subsequently rebuilt. The main chapel acquired a Manueline style, and the others were adorned with Baroque elements. The small chapel on the outside of the cathedral was likely kept in its initial Romanesque form.
Over the centuries, the nave (the central part of the church) of the Cathedral of Braga underwent several changes in terms of style. However, all these upgrades were removed in the 20th century, so the nave is now fully Romanesque.
Today, the Cathedral of Braga has Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Moorish, and Baroque decorations.
Braga Cathedral. Photo by Jose Goncalves (Wiki)
3. Porto Cathedral
The Cathedral of Porto is among the country’s most significant Romanesque treasures. Its construction began in the 12th century. The building wasn’t finished until the 16th century.
The cathedral has two square towers, each with two buttresses. The facade largely retains its original Romanesque appearance, although some modifications were done over the years. It lacks outstanding decorations, except for the Baroque porch and the rose window adorned with Romanesque elements.
Like the nave of the Braga Cathedral, the nave of the Porto Cathedral is Romanesque in style – it is narrow and covered by barrel vaulting and flanked by two aisles. The central aisle is covered by a stone roof, which, in turn, is supported by flying buttresses – all Romanesque in style.
Porto Cathedral. Photo by Wendell Adriel (Unsplash)
4. The Old Cathedral of Coimbra
The construction of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra was likely overseen by the same architect who oversaw the construction of Lisbon Cathedral, which is why the two have quite a similar appearance.
However, the building in Coimbra surpasses the one in Lisbon in terms of Romanesque elements and preservation. It is, in fact, the only building in Portugal that has retained much of its original elements.
The Old Cathedral in Coimbra has a fortress-like exterior. It has high crenelated walls, narrow windows, and a tower-like structure in the center of the Western facade. The portal and the window on the facade are Romanesque in style and feature some Arabic and Pre-Romanesque motifs. The facade is also adorned with thick buttresses.
The North facade has a Renaissance portal, which was built in the 16th century. The main chapel is Romanesque, as is the northern one. The southern chapel was rebuilt in a Renaissance style. The roof lantern one can see over the transept features Romanesque and Baroque elements.
The nave of the Old Cathedral in Coimbra has two aisles. It is covered by barrel vaulting, while the lateral aisles are covered by groin vaults. The interior column capitals are decorated with vegetable, animal, and geometric motifs and patterns. The cathedral has around 380 heavily decorated capitals. Today, they are considered the most remarkable testament of Romanesque sculpture. The cloister was built sometime later, during the transition from Romanesque to Gothic, which is why it retains elements of both.
Coimbra Cathedral. Photo by Digitalsignal (Wiki)
5. The Round Church at the Convent of Christ
The Round Church at the Convent of Christ is predominantly Romanesque. It has a 16-side polygonal structure and features strong buttresses and round windows.
The interior has a round octagonal structure. The capitals of the columns are among the country’s few well-preserved Romanesque treasures. They feature vegetal and animal motifs, which may have been sculpted by the same artists who worked on the decorations of the Cathedral of Coimbra.
Photo by Kyle Magnuson (Wiki)
6. The Romanesque Church of Rates
The Monastery of Rates isn’t as renowned among tourists as other buildings we mentioned in our guide because it’s a hidden gem in Northern Portugal.
However, one cannot deny the importance of its church in our discussion – it is one of the oldest, most well-preserved churches in Portugal adorned with Romanesque elements.
The Church dedicated to St. Peter of Rates, also known as the Romanesque Church of Rates, has a fortress-like appearance, lacks heavy decorations, and features a Romanesque portal.
7. Church of Santa Eulalia of the Monastery of Arnoso
Yet another hidden gem – the Church of Santa Eulalia of the Monastery of Arnoso. It is located in Vila Nova de Famalicão in the Braga District.
The original building actually dates from the 7th century. However, it was destroyed in the 11th century by the Moors. Later on, King Garcia II ordered the reconstruction of the church. It was eventually rebuilt in a Romanesque style, which is preserved until the present times.
The church has a Romanesque nave, a barrel vault, a rectangular apse, and blind arches. The round arches on the wooden portal are decorated with geometric patterns and zoomorphic elements.
8. Domus Municipalis of Bragança
As mentioned earlier, churches weren’t the only structures built in a Romanesque style. Domus Municipalis of Bragança proves this – it is now one of the few buildings in Portugal whose Romanesque elements were preserved.
Some historians argue that the building may have served as a place for public meetings. Other specialists believe it may have actually been a cistern rather than a Municipal house. Whatever its purpose, one cannot deny that the structure is a Romanesque treasure.
It was likely built in the first half of the 13th century. The structure has an irregular pentagon shape and was built using granite blocks held together by mortar. The wooden roof is supported by three arches. The walls are thick, and the windows are small. Corbel decorations are also Romanesque.
Photo by Ángel M. Felicísimo (Wiki)
Other Romanesque Buildings in Portugal
If you have time and are interested in exploring the various dialects of the Portuguese Romanesque, we’ve prepared a list of landmarks that are worth checking out.
The Benedictine Monastery of Castro de Avelãs is located in Castro de Avelãs, 3 km away from Bragança. The church’s Romanesque elements are incredibly well-preserved, and the structure is an important historical landmark. Specialists argue that this particular building falls within the Mudejar expression of Romanesque architecture.
The Church of São Salvador is located in Bravães, Ponte da Barca, and features multiple Romanesque elements, particularly in its sculptures and portal. Its tympanum depicts Christ in the Glory of Heaven accompanied by two of His apostles. There’s also a figure of Mary and angel Gabriel.
The Castle of Pombal is located in Pombal, Leiria. It is a Romanesque fortress built in the 12th century.
The Church of São Vicente de Sousa is located in Felgueiras, Porto, and stands out as a major Romanesque monument.
The Monastery of Santa Maria de Pombeiro is located in Felgueiras, Porto, and is noticeably Romanesque in style. It is one of the most iconic Benedictine monasteries in Northern Portugal. The building is an example of the late Romanesque style combined with early Gothic floral motifs.
The Church of São Pedro de Ferreira is located in Ferreira, Porto. It has a single nave and a semi-circular transept. The decorations and sculptures of this church are of great diversity, featuring influences from the Braga Cathedral, as well as the Zamora Cathedral and the San Martin de Salamanca in Spain.
The Monastery of the Saviour of Paço de Sousa is located in Penafiel, Porto. It is an iconic monastery of the Benedictine Order. The church is an example of nationalized Romanesque, which combines pre-Romanesque elements and Romanesque motifs used in Porto and Coimbra.
Igreja de Santo André da Vila Boa de Quires is located in Marco de Canaveses in Northern Portugal. Its portal is similar to that of the above-mentioned church in Penafiel and features vegetal motifs, whereas the corbels are adorned with bovine heads.
The Church of Saint Mary is located in Sintra and is an excellent example of the architectural style that marked the transition between the Romanesque and the Gothic.
