To celebrate International Women’s Day, it’s the perfect time to shine a spotlight on the incredible Portuguese women who’ve made their mark on history. These women weren’t just ordinary—they were trailblazers, rebels, and all-around awesome individuals who refused to be held back by anyone or anything.

In this article, we’re diving headfirst into the lives of some of the most kick-ass Portuguese women ever. From queens to artists, scientists to activists, each one has a story that’ll make you sit up and take notice. They faced challenges, broke barriers, and left a legacy that still inspires us today.

So, get ready to raise a glass (or two) as we celebrate these extraordinary women and their unforgettable contributions to Portuguese history. It’s time to honor their achievements, cheer on their successes, and give them the recognition they truly deserve this International Women’s Day!

Teresa of Leon (1080-1130)

On the day of her wedding, she might have still been a minor; while he (Henry of Burgundy) was just over 25. She was the daughter of Alfonso VI of León and his ‘friend’ Ximena Muñiz, and the fifth granddaughter of Mumadona Dias, the first countess of Terra de Portucalis. And he – son of the Duke of Burgundy, great-grandson of the King of France, great-nephew of Hugo de Cluny – received her as a prize, along with the counties of Coimbra and Portucale.

From this union, three daughters were born, and Afonso, who became the first king of Portugal. When she became a widow, she named herself queen and continued her husband’s fight to conquer lands and expand his domains. For her, it made sense to unify the north of the Iberian Peninsula under her scepter. She ruled the county of Porto for 16 years, many of which with the Count of Trava at her side, both pursuing the idea of autonomy, even after being defeated by Afonso Henriques. She died two years later and was buried in the Cathedral of Braga next to her first husband, Count Henrique.

Teresa Henriques (1151-1218)

Gentle, manly, haughty, giving, very beautiful, slender, of good temper, one of the most beautiful women in Europe, desired by all the princes of the land… these are some of the qualifications attributed to Teresa (for the Portuguese), Matilde (for the Flemish) and Mahaut (for the French), the daughter of the first king of Portugal and Queen Mafalda of Savoy. It went back to her father and grandmother Teresa of León, the Portuguese woman who married Philip of Alsace, the count who was more powerful and wealthier than some of the kings of Europe in the 12th century.

The qualifiers seem to fit, but it’s curious to point out this kind of attribute when talking about a woman who was the co-regent of a kingdom, heir to the throne and became queen-countess, and a major obstacle to the annexation of Flanders by the French. She ruled as a widow and commanded armies, made her brother Grand Master of the Order of Hospitallers, and remarried to win another independent county, Burgundy.

Brites de Almeida (1350-?)

According to oral tradition, Brites de Almeida was a baker who lived in the Aljubarrota region during the reign of King João I. During the decisive battle between the Portuguese and Castilian forces on August 14, 1385, Brites stood out for her bravery and determination. Legend has it that while the men were fighting on the battlefield, Brites was busy baking bread in her oven. When she realized that the Portuguese soldiers were hungry and weakened, she decided to intervene in an unexpected way.

Grabbing a baker’s shovel, Brites would have attacked the Castilian invaders who were trying to sack her village. With her baker’s shovel in hand, Brites faced her enemies with courage and ferocity, helping to repel the attack and inspiring the Portuguese soldiers to resist with renewed determination. Her bravery and dedication to the Portuguese cause during the battle earned her the nickname “Baker of Aljubarrota” and the eternal admiration of the Portuguese people.

Filipa De Lencastre (1360-1415)

Granddaughter of King Edward III of England, daughter of João de Gaunt and Branca, she spent her childhood moving from land to land as her father decided to travel to better manage his wife’s estate, which was heir to the Duke of Lencastre. She came to Porto at the age of 27 to become Queen of Portugal and begin the Avis dynasty with João I. She was one of the driving forces behind the modernization of Portugal.

She would be one of the driving forces behind the modernization and expansion of the kingdom, as well as educating her children, the so-called Ínclita Geração. Feeling she was dying, she called them together and asked for three swords to give to the eldest. She asked Duarte, heir to the throne, to rule with justice and piety; Pedro, the Sevenfold, to look after the honor of women; Henrique, the Navigator, to look after men; and Isabel (future Duchess of Burgundy) to look after her younger siblings, John and Ferdinand, the Holy Infant.

Like her paternal grandmother Filipa de Hainault, her grandfather Henrique de Lencastre, and her mother, who left her an orphan at the age of nine, died of the plague. “What enigma was there in your womb that only geniuses could conceive?” wondered the poet Fernando Pessoa.

Antónia Rodrigues (1580-?)

She was born Antónia and became António to travel to North Africa. In less than 20 years, she was a girl, a boy, a grub, a rifleman on foot and on horseback, a hero, a woman, a heroine, a wife, and a mother. She was born in Aveiro, but she must have been 12 when she fled Lisbon, from her sister’s house, already with a strategy: with a few pennies she had saved, she bought a sailor’s suit and cut her hair so as to erase any feminine traits.

He then ran to the pier, where he persuaded the master of a caravel to take a helper with him. He arrived as a grumete in the Portuguese square of Mazagão, where he enlisted as a soldier. By the age of 15 or 16, he was already being called the ‘Terror of the Moors’. When a soldier’s daughter fell in love with her character, Antónia revealed her body and returned to Portugal. Here, they called her ‘Portuguese Knight’ and awarded her an annual tença for having served bravely in the kingdom’s army.

Josefa D’Óbidos (1630-1684)

The daughter of an Obidan father and an Andalusian mother, she was born in Seville at a time when the same Philip reigned in Spain and Portugal. She traveled from Seville to Óbidos when she was still a child, and from there she never went further than Alcobaça, Coimbra or Buçaco. They say she died emancipated but a maiden, ill but lucid. Throughout her life, apart from a few business ventures for which she showed wisdom, she did nothing but paint canvases and boards, engrave copper, and perhaps model clay, passionately, full of faith.

Her first known works are the engravings of Saint Catherine and Saint Joseph, done with a burin at the age of 16 when it seemed she was going to be a nun. But Josefa d’Ayala e Cabrera, the daughter of an artist, decided to follow in her father’s footsteps, combining his teachings with the spontaneity of someone who practices art without feeling influenced. At a time when it was not easy to be a woman, she did what she wanted and made history with her Baroque art.

Juliana Dias da Costa (1657-1734)

The 38th Viceroy of India was quite worried for a few months in 1712 – the “Mogor power” had conquered all of Hindustan up to the border of John V’s domains in Asia. But perhaps he had no reason to be. The Mongol king was considered a friend and whoever was in charge of Bahadur Shah’s harem had a Portuguese name and spoke Portuguese, as well as Persian, Latin, French, and others.

Nurtured by five Mongol monarchs, whose advice she listened to, whether in the field of medicine or diplomacy, Juliana, as well as being the superior and clinician of the imperial serralho, successfully acted as procurator for the Portuguese kingdom and served as an intermediary for the Dutch, French, and Italians, also providing expansion for the Jesuits. The daughter of a Portuguese man and the slave of an Agra princess, she was born in Bengal, where, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Portuguese language was used by everyone to understand each other.

Antónia Pusich (1805-1883)

She was about 15 or 16 when she experienced her first trial by fire. She snuck out of the house to take part in a battle, ready to die. She wanted to be close to her father, to run the same risks as the governor of Cape Verde, where she was born. She would defy fear again in other circumstances, such as when she tried to save one of her husbands from death.

Married two or three times, depending on whether her life is told in the 19th century or the next, mother of five, writer, Antónia Gertrudes Pusich was the first woman to found and run a newspaper, without pseudonyms – for this reason, some argue that she was the first Portuguese journalist. Monarchist, writer, composer, and defender of women’s right to education, she said she wasn’t political but rational, but she fought political arguments until she died in Lisbon at the age of 78.

Antónia Ferreira (1811-1897)

She was born in Godim, near Peso da Régua, where she spent her childhood and adolescence. She married for family convenience to a cousin, a bohemian and womanizer, who left her a widow at just over 30 with two children, but heir to a fortune. Alone, she negotiates, controls, invests, helps the needy, takes care of her children, sues her children… and dies an octogenarian, much richer than she was born, with farms producing 1500 barrels of wine a year. She leaves a fortune valued at 5,907,323$000 réis, which includes 30 estates, well-stocked warehouses and palaces, art collections, jewelry, bonds, loans, and cash.

His demanding will – a division between his two sons and 18 grandchildren – was carried out without reservation. Her last major initiative was in 1887, when, against general opinion, she had vineyards planted at Monte Meão, a high point in the wilderness from where the famous “Barca Velha” would be produced. Many called her ‘saint’ and ‘mother of the poor’, but the name that will remain in our memories is the popular ‘Ferreirinha’.

Queen Maria II (1819-1853)

They call her the Educator… In fact, she committed herself to raising her children, when it was customary to leave this task to someone else. Maria da Glória Joana Carlota Leopoldina da Cruz Francisca Xavier de Paula Isidora Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga, born in Rio de Janeiro, was aware that she was living in very different times to her ancestors. In hers, those who govern must be illustrious and educated, as she had heard her father, Pedro IV, the first emperor of Brazil, say.

And she made a great effort to cultivate herself, learning above all from her third husband, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gota-Koháry. But to reduce her to this role of ‘good mother’, as was the case until the 20th century, is unfair to a woman who was queen at the age of 7 and effectively reigned from the age of 15, during a period of great turmoil in the kingdom of Portugal, with fighting between brothers, civil war and popular uprisings. The woman who succeeded in enforcing the Constitutional Charter died at the age of 34.

Luísa Holstein (1841-1909)

She was the heiress to one of the richest families in the kingdom and would not give up the management of her estate to her husband, as was the custom. She is the only female sculptor to stand out in the 19th century in Portugal. An award-winning artist at the Paris Salon, where she exhibited at the age of 43 with a 20-year-old daughter, she had many interests beyond art.

She called herself a socialist, saying that the superfluous of the rich was the patrimony of the poor, and an example of this attitude in her life is the canteen for those whose salaries were barely enough to support themselves, but who should have the right to eat a good meal in a decent, clean place. The Economic Kitchens, a work that the establishment of the Republic did not disregard, represent the most visible part of the philanthropy of Maria Luísa Domingas de Sales de Borja de Assis de Paula de Sousa Holstein (from Palmela). She was the Duchess, as they called her in Lisbon.

Adelaide Cabete (1867-1935)

She survived as a girl, working days, learning by ear, until she fell in love with a man 18 years older, modern, ready to make her his equal. Born in Elvas, the daughter of laborers, Adelaide de Jesus Damas Brazão married at 18, finished elementary school at 22, finished high school at 29 and graduated in Medicine at 33.

“The protection of poor pregnant women as a means of promoting the physical development of new generations”, was her degree thesis, in which, going beyond the boundaries of science, she proposed the creation of a law that would allow workers to rest in the last month of pregnancy, benefiting from a subsidy taken from the company’s profits, from the State and from a levy among the workers.

She proposed the creation of maternity wards, crèches, children’s homes, social solidarity institutions… a foretaste of the issues she would defend until the end of her life. Republican, feminist, Freemason, she fought for the rights of women, children, the poor, animals… she fought for an equitable and healthy society.

Irene Lisboa (1892-1958)

Her name can be seen on plaques in schools, libraries, avenues, streets, squares, and squares, but few people know her work. Most of the books she wrote were published at her own expense and those published by her publisher sold very little. “Everything belongs to others/and I was always denied,” wrote the innovative pedagogue, born near Arruda dos Vinhos, forced into retirement by the dictatorship when she was just 46.

A writer of prose and poetry, whom time will impose as the forerunner of modern writing in Portugal, Irene do Céu Vieira Lisboa had been awarded a scholarship in Switzerland and there she learned how to end the monotony and repression at school by getting her pupils to learn through play. Unable to teach, she suffered in silence, writing, and seeing her newspaper articles censored by the same people who banned her from giving lectures. But she won’t give up. She will be the only woman among 34 men at the 20th-anniversary dinner of the democratic opposition magazine “Seara Nova”, in which she collaborates under a man’s name. Thirty-one years after her death, she was awarded the Order of Liberty.

Maria Lamas (1893-1983)

Baptized with the name Maria da Conceição, she was born in Torres Novas into a middle-class family, the first of the four children of Manuel Caetano da Silva and Maria da Encarnação Vassalo. She thought she was going to be a nun, but her father and marriage soon erased her mystical side. She was a journalist, writer, feminist, and fighter… She paid the price with prison and exile for defending her ideals.

And she didn’t want to be forgotten: on several occasions she told her youngest daughter not to tear up her letters because it was important to know what she was thinking. At the age of 81, he joined the Portuguese Communist Party out of a sense of consistency. She is a symbol of the struggle for the emancipation of women and for democracy. It is impossible to forget her role.

Florbela Espanca (1894-1930)

Pulmonary embolism was what remained on her death certificate. A half-truth in death as well as in birth: the certificate stated “daughter of father incognito”. Well, the poet chose to commit suicide and everyone knew that her father was João Maria Espanca. A father who educated her, who helped her, but who would only officially recognize her 19 years after her suicide, in order to benefit from the copyright of his daughter’s great poetic work and because a few days later a bust of the poet would be inaugurated in the city of Évora, where she lived and where she had also resided.

Flor Bela Lobo, as she was known, was born in Vila Viçosa under the sign of Sagittarius. She was a bold woman who occasionally lacked the courage to go against prejudice. She died with the feeling she always had, that no one had ever liked her. Her, who had written “I want to love, to love, hopelessly”…

Edmée Marques (1899-1986)

“I hereby certify that Branca Edmée Marques has done very useful work in my laboratory since the beginning of November 1931,” began Marie Curie’s letter, which did not persuade the Portuguese government to extend the scientist’s scholarship. Those who took up her work made important discoveries, but the Lisbon woman was forced to return to Portugal, where women and science were worth little, even though we were already in the 20th century.

Despite having a doctorate since the age of 36, becoming director of the Radiochemistry study center at the Institute of High Culture, Curie’s insistence that she return to Paris, and her excellent marks in university career advancement competitions, she would only become a full professor in 1966, when she was 67 years old and had already contributed greatly to the country’s scientific research, especially with regard to the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

Lúcia dos Santos (1907-2005)

One of the three children who claimed to have witnessed the apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima in 1917, she is another notable figure in Portugal’s history. Born Lúcia de Jesus Rosa dos Santos in Aljustrel, a small village near Fátima, in 1907, she became a central figure in the phenomenon of the apparitions that transformed the city of Fátima into an important Catholic pilgrimage site. Together with her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto, Lucia claimed to have witnessed several apparitions of the Virgin Mary between May and October 1917.

The apparitions, which included messages of peace, repentance and prayer, attracted the attention of thousands of pilgrims and had a lasting impact on religious devotion in Portugal and around the world. After the apparitions, Lucia became a Carmelite nun and dedicated her life to prayer, penance, and spreading the message of Fatima. She wrote several books about her experiences and took part in countless pilgrimages and religious events related to the apparitions. Her deep devotion and faith made her a revered figure not only among Catholics but also among people of different faiths around the world.

Vieira Da Silva (1908-1992)

In 1956, Elle magazine voted her Frenchwoman of the Year. She had been living in France for some time but did not accept the distinction, pointing out that she was Portuguese, born in Lisbon. But that same year, she opted for the nationality of the country that had welcomed her.

She did so after Oliveira Salazar offered her what he had refused her almost two decades earlier, when she and her husband wanted to become Portuguese citizens and the dictator blackmailed her, making her acceptance conditional on divorce. Maria Helena Vieira da Silva had lost her citizenship when she got married on her 22nd birthday to the painter Arpad Szenes, a stateless Jew born in Hungary, the love of her life… It wasn’t until the 1970s that Portugal recognized that her talent for painting had made history.

Cesina Bermudes (1908-2001)

If she could choose her next reincarnation, she would choose a life that offered her a musical education. She believed that there were several passages on Earth to perfect the spirit and, this time, she had only dedicated herself to scientific research… she had only graduated in Medicine, specialized in Obstetrics, obtained her doctorate with 19 marks, introduced painless childbirth in Portugal, defended women’s rights, joined the Communist Party to fight Salazarism, helped to give birth to countless babies of mothers persecuted by the dictatorship that will also imprison her… In this life, which was not at all fruitful from a musical point of view, she was still interested in literature and sport. But for her, medicine was everything.

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004)

Her poetry, marked by lyrical language and deep reflection on human nature and the world around her, won her critical recognition and the affection of the public. Sophia explored themes such as freedom, justice, national identity and the female experience in her works, giving voice to a unique and profoundly humanist perspective.

In addition to her writing career, Sophia was also an active figure in Portuguese public life, getting involved in political and social issues. She was a prominent voice in opposition to the Salazar regime and a defender of human rights and freedom of expression. Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen left a significant legacy not only as a poet, but also as a voice of conscience and resistance in times of adversity. Her poetry continues to inspire and move readers around the world, reflecting the beauty and complexity of human experience and the transformative power of art.

Amália Rodrigues (1920-1999)

Singer, fado singer, theater and film actress… a ‘star’ of the 20th century. Her life has been written and rewritten. But there’s always something to tell about this woman who could have been called Maria do Carmo… about this woman who chose the day to celebrate her birthday… about this intuitive woman who didn’t feel she was a fado singer, but an artist… who said she owed her success to sadness, fear, and shyness… who said she sang by singing. … who said she had earned the right to be just Amália and not Dona Amália, as her admirers called her because they thought this showed more respect for the woman who took fado to the world and, over the course of half a century, recorded more than a hundred and a half records, appeared in a dozen films and gave countless shows. And she didn’t do more because she didn’t want to.

Natália Correia (1923-1993)

An Azorean from São Miguel, she left the island at the age of 11 and went to Lisbon to study, but did little at school. She made of life what few of her contemporaries could boast, becoming one of the great figures of the 20th century. Novelist, poet, bohemian, playwright, essayist, MP, antique store owner, bar owner… Natália de Oliveira Correia, with her scarves, long mouthpieces and great oratorical talent, stood out for her intelligence and her work.

Married four times, she never had children and said that her motherhood was universal. As a girl, she wanted to be a poet, a detective and the owner of a clandestine casino. “I look enthusiastic, exuberant, but it’s only on the outside. It’s my way of freeing myself from the tensions that people bite down on inside. On the inside, I have the immobility of an oriental idol. But I’m not cold. I’m even deeply affectionate,” she said.

Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (1930-2004)

“Prime Minister”, “Primess Minister” or “Prime Ministeress”? People didn’t know what to call her. No woman had ever held this position in Portugal, but she was invited to do so by the President of the Republic, who was facing a political crisis. She agreed to lead a government of men for 149 days. It may have been a short time, but it laid the foundations for a social security system for everyone, whether they worked or not. Maria de Lourdes – Pintasilgo, a surname inherited from an ancestor who was nicknamed for whistling like that bird – was a pioneer who dedicated her life to fighting for a fairer society, influenced by Christian ideals and the experience of the working priests in France.

Rosa Mota (1958-)

One of the most prominent Portuguese athletes in history, standing out mainly as a long-distance runner. Born in Porto in 1958, she rose to international prominence when she won the Chicago Marathon in 1982, becoming the first Portuguese woman to win a major marathon. The highlight of her career came in 1988, at the Seoul Olympic Games, where Rosa won the gold medal in the marathon, becoming the first Portuguese athlete to win Olympic gold in athletics. Her exceptional performance made her a true national hero and a symbol of pride for Portugal.

In addition to the Olympics, Rosa accumulated titles and records in competitions such as the European Athletics Championships and the Boston Marathon. Even after ending her competitive career, she continued to inspire young athletes in Portugal and support the development of athletics in the country.

Over and Out

So, let’s wrap things up, shall we? These incredible women who’ve helped shape Portugal’s history? Yeah, they’re the real MVPs! From queens ruling the roost to artists painting the town red, and from scientists breaking through glass ceilings to activists stirring up change, these ladies have left their mark like nobody’s business.

I mean, seriously, just think about it. We’ve got queens and princesses like Filipa de Lencastre and Maria II who were running the show back when women calling the shots was practically unheard of. Then there’s Amália Rodrigues, whose voice could melt hearts and inspire movements. And don’t even get me started on Cesina Bermudes or Edmée Marques – these science whizzes were making waves in labs while most of us were still figuring out how to make a decent cup of coffee!

But you know what’s really cool? It’s not just about what these women did back in the day; it’s about the trail they blazed for all of us today. Their stories remind us that no dream is too big, no challenge too tough, and no glass ceiling too thick to shatter. They’re like the OG squad goals, showing us what’s possible when you refuse to take no for an answer.

So, as we celebrate these badass women on International Women’s Day and every day, let’s raise a glass (or a cup of coffee, if that’s more your style) to their legacy. Here’s to breaking barriers, smashing stereotypes, and making the world a more inclusive and kickass place for everyone. Cheers to the women who rocked, rock, and will keep on rocking our world!

Fade In

Ah, the movies… Filled with glamour and thrillers, celebrities with auras brighter than the sun. They inspire us, touch us, and scare us. For me, a night out at the movies is and always will be, a special event. The smell of popcorn, the darkness of the room, the sound of the projector. There is something unique and unforgettable about that experience.

My first memory of the movies is still very vivid, even a decade and a half later. It was a Sunday afternoon and I was out with a friend from elementary school. I lived in a small town and we were out of trees to climb so we decided to stop by the movie theater to check what was playing that week. That’s right, there was only one movie a week.

I remember seeing the poster outside. It was an animated film and it had a cool warrior-girl with a massive wolf behind her. That’s all it took to convince us. And that experience is one that marked me for the rest of my life. The movie in question is, of course, Hayao Miyazaki’s Princess Mononoke, which – now I know – is nothing short of a masterpiece.

How much did that experience influence my life? Well, I studied film in college and nowadays I live in Tokyo. So, yeah, I would say that it was somewhat influential. And there was a time, before multiplexes and corporate consolidation trivialized it, when going to the movies was a truly magical experience.

Some of us still remember when people dressed up to go watch a movie. You would arrive at the theater and you would have someone escort you to your seat. And God forbid you were noisy while the movie was playing because a frowny lady with a flashlight would immediately show up to give you a shush and a stern look.

Lisbon used to be a city that breathed cinema. No matter where you went, you were bound to find a movie theater. From the dozens in Rossio and Baixa, along with the ones by the Avenida de Liberdade, all the way up to the Avenidas Novas and Saldanha area, the place was a dream for cinephiles.

But nowadays, only multiplexes survive – except for a few notable exceptions. All others have been shut down and turned into everything from churches to record stores. A majority of the dazzling buildings still survive, to serve as proof of what once were dream factories.

So join me through a journey, not only through the hilly streets of Lisbon but also through time, back to an area where mystery and adventure ruled our collective imaginations.

Cinema São Jorge

Inaugurated in 1950 by the Sociedade Anglo-Portuguesa de Cinemas, the Cinema São Jorge quickly became an icon of the Portuguese capital’s movie scene. Under the direction of architect Fernando Silva, the cinema’s bold design, with almost 2,000 seats, won the prestigious Municipal Architecture Prize that same year, unanimous recognition of its innovation and modern design, which broke with the nationalist standards that prevailed at the time.

Its striking construction stood out for its pioneering use of concrete and advanced construction techniques, allowing for innovative structural and decorative solutions. The grandiose cinema hall, originally designed with an audience, balcony, and second balcony, was a work of singular magnitude, reflecting the creative vigor of the time.

In the 1980s, it underwent renovations that resulted in the large room being subdivided into three smaller spaces. Despite the changes, the cinema maintained its status as one of the main destinations for lovers of the seventh art in Lisbon.

In 2001, the Lisbon City Council acquired it, initiating a series of interventions aimed at preserving its historical importance and revitalizing its cultural relevance. After a phase of work on the façade and interior, the cinema reopened its doors that same year.

Since 2006, the space has been the scene of intense cultural activity, hosting both national and international film festivals, as well as other high-profile events in the performing arts. Thus, Cinema São Jorge continues to play a key role in the city’s cultural scene, keeping alive the passion for cinema and the arts in Lisbon.

Cinema Condes

Cinema Condes, formerly known as Teatro Novo da Rua dos Condes, is an iconic cultural institution located on Avenida da Liberdade in Lisbon. Initially a theater owned by Francisco de Almeida Grandella, it was acquired by the Castello Lopes firm in 1915.

After being remodeled in 1919 to show films, the building was demolished in 1951 and replaced by a new structure designed by Raul Tojal. With a capacity for 907 spectators, it had a modern façade adorned with a bas-relief by Aristides Vaz interior decorations by José Espinho, and paintings by Fernando Santos.

The Cinema Condes was reopened in 1952, becoming an emblematic venue for the premiere of major film productions, concerts, and festivals. In 1967, due to the production of 70-millimeter films, new works were carried out, including the extension of the projection screen. However, a week after the work was completed, a fire damaged the audience area, resulting in the cinema being temporarily closed for 38 days.

Despite its rich history and being a cultural landmark in Lisbon, Cinema Condes was unable to withstand the competition from new cinemas in shopping centers and closed its doors in 1997. Nevertheless, its legacy endures as a symbol of the city’s passion for cinema and the arts.

Cinema Odéon

The Cinema Odéon, a Lisbon landmark located on Rua dos Condes, in the parish of São José, is an old cinema with a rich cultural history. Its importance is highlighted by the fact that it has been included in the Lisbon City Council’s Municipal Heritage Inventory and has been in the process of being classified by IGESPAR since 2008.

Inaugurated on September 21, 1927, Cinema Odéon is recognized as the city’s most emblematic cinema. It features distinctive elements of the Art Deco style, such as a pediment on the stage, a verbena wood ceiling, a neon chandelier, and a suspended side box, and is the only cinema in Lisbon to retain these features.

Currently closed, the cinema shows visible signs of deterioration over the years, reflecting its state of abandonment since the mid-1990s. However, it is about to be transformed into a luxury property, with plans to build ten apartments and a restaurant. The initiative aims to preserve the building’s history, keeping the most iconic elements intact, including balconies, marquees, and the Art Deco pediment.

This transformation will not only revitalize the space but also ensure that Cinema Odéon’s cultural and architectural legacy is preserved for future generations, standing out as an important symbol of Lisbon’s cultural heritage.

Cinema Império

The majestic Cinema Império, located at the intersection of Alameda Dom Afonso Henriques and Avenida Almirante Reis, in the parish of Arroios, Lisbon, Portugal, is an outstanding example of Estado Novo architecture. Inaugurated on May 24, 1952, and designed by Cassiano Branco, with completion by António Varela, Frederico George, and Raul Ramalho, the building established itself as one of the most prestigious cinemas in the Portuguese capital.

The Cinema Império stood out not only for its imposing architecture but also for its precise urban integration. With a capacity of 1,676 seats, distributed between the audience, 1st and 2nd balconies, the space was truly grandiose, reflecting the splendor of the “Cinema Cathedrals” of the 1950s.

Over the years, Cinema Império screened a wide variety of acclaimed films, from works by Ingmar Bergman to classics by Federico Fellini and Roman Polanski. In 1972, the Studio was inaugurated, a second room located on the top floor, which showed more daring and demanding films, further expanding the diversity of the program.

After decades as a cinematic icon, Cinema Império closed its doors in 1983. Today, the building houses a place of worship for the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, thus preserving its historical and cultural importance.

Classified as a building of public interest by IGESPAR in 1996, Cinema Império continues to be remembered as one of the greatest examples of Estado Novo architecture in Portugal, a true architectural gem that evokes the golden age of cinema in Lisbon.

Cinema Olympia

The Olympia Cinema, inaugurated on April 22, 1911, was a cultural landmark in Lisbon. Owned by Empreza do Olympia, Limitada, composed of Júlio Petra Viana, Victor Alves da Cunha Rosa, and the brothers Leopoldo and Henrique O’Donnell, the cinema offered a variety of entertainment, from children’s matinees to soirées for the intellectual elite. Directed by Sabino Correia, the Olympia stood out for its screenings of international films accompanied by live musical performances.

During the 1920s, the cinema underwent improvements, including the addition of a restaurant and the transformation of the Cabaret into the Olympia Club, a famous jazz concert venue until 1959. In the 1950s, films of various genres began to be shown, such as westerns, cops, and thrillers.

After 1974, the cinema faced significant changes, showing erotic and pornographic films to attract audiences. However, with the rise of video, television, and the internet, the Olympia closed in 2001.

In 2008, renowned director Filipe La Féria bought the building with plans to turn it into a theater space and a performing arts school, expanding the Politeama Theater. However, the project was abandoned due to the high costs involved, leaving behind a rich history of entertainment and culture in Lisbon.

Cineteatro Capitólio

The Cineteatro Capitólio, officially inaugurated on July 10, 1931, stands as an architectural landmark in Lisbon, embodying a period of transition and innovation in Portuguese architecture.

Designed by architect Luís Cristino da Silva in 1929, it represents a departure from conventional styles, integrating elements of simplified art deco with a purist and rationalist aesthetic. Its unassuming façades and incorporation of international modernist influences positioned it as a pioneering manifesto in Portuguese architecture, marked by a series of technical innovations.

Functioning as a pioneering theater, music hall, and cinema, the Capitólio boasted a spacious interior hall with stage and adjacent dressing rooms, along with an outdoor cinema located on the rooftop terrace. This versatile space quickly became one of Lisbon’s most popular venues, hosting a diverse range of events including concerts, theater productions, wrestling matches, boxing bouts, skating shows, and film screenings.

Notable performances included screenings of “A Severa” and “A Canção de Lisboa,” as well as the national premiere of “Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans” by F.W. Murnau.

Following the April 25 Revolution, the Capitólio made headlines for its bold programming shift, featuring screenings of explicit films like “Garganta Funda,” which attracted large, sold-out crowds, symbolizing Lisbon’s embrace of newfound freedoms. Throughout the 1980s, the rooftop skating rink was repurposed as a discotheque known as “Roller Magic,” adding to the venue’s eclectic appeal. However, by the mid-1990s, the Capitólio closed its doors.

Designated as a Public Interest Property in 1983, efforts to revitalize the Capitólio began in 2007, aiming to restore its original purpose as a multi-purpose arts venue. Led by architect Alberto Souza Oliveira and financed by contributions from Casino Lisboa, the extensive reconstruction project culminated in November 2016.

The refurbished theater was named after renowned actor Raul Solnado, and in August 2017, the Aveiro-based promoter Sons em Trânsito won a five-year contract to manage the venue, pledging to focus on music, comedy, and cinema programming.

The Cineteatro Capitólio’s journey from architectural marvel to cultural hub reflects the evolving tastes and societal shifts in Lisbon, making it a cherished symbol of the city’s cultural heritage.

Cinema Monumental

The Cine-Teatro Monumental, which occupied Praça Duque de Saldanha between 1951 and 1984, remains a striking reminder of Lisbon’s cultural and architectural heritage. Erected amid the Estado Novo era, it was more than just a place of entertainment; it represented a historical and stylistic landmark, with an incomparable functionality that is still remembered with nostalgia by many.

The Monumental was designed to meet the diverse entertainment needs of the time, from cinema to theatrical and musical performances. Its design, conceived by architect Raúl Rodrigues Lima, inherited influences from the Portuguese modernism of the 1940s. With an imposing façade covered in stone and ornaments, such as a column topped by an armillary sphere, the Monumental stood out as an architectural symbol of Lisbon at the time.

Inside, the exquisite decoration created by José Espinho reflected an almost “Versaillian” luxury, with imposing chandeliers, majestic staircases, and gilded details. The screening rooms offered a unique experience, with a capacity for more than 1,900 spectators and equipped with state-of-the-art technology, guaranteeing high-quality projections.

As well as being an entertainment venue, the Monumental was also an important cultural center, with the theater hall attracting renowned shows and well-known artists, such as Laura Alves, who starred in some of the biggest hits of her career on this stage.

The building also housed the Café-Restaurant Monumental, a popular meeting place for artists and spectators, where you could often “sneak a peek” at the actors after the shows.

Despite its rich history and cultural importance, the Monumental was tragically closed recently, leaving a void in the heart of the city and in the memory of those who frequented it. However, its memory lives on through the stories told by those who had the privilege of witnessing its grandeur and contribution to Lisbon’s cultural life.

Cineteatro Éden

The Cineteatro Éden, located in Praça dos Restauradores in Lisbon, is an iconic landmark of art deco architecture in Portugal, designed by the renowned architect Cassiano Branco. Its history dates back to the 19th century when French engineer Albert Beauvalet rented the old stables of the Palácio da Foz to establish a car dealership and a makeshift music hall. The space was later transformed into the “Eden Theater”, which opened in 1914 with a capacity for more than 2,000 spectators.

In 1937, after a series of alterations and extensions, the Eden Theater was reopened as the Eden Cineteatro, designed to host both theatrical performances and film screenings. With its imposing façade and a theater that could hold up to 1,440 spectators, the Cineteatro Éden became a cultural institution in Lisbon, presenting a wide variety of productions, from plays to hit films.

During the 1940s and 1950s, Cineteatro Éden faced competition from other theaters in the area but remained a popular destination for entertainment. However, in the 1980s, the decline began, marked by episodes of violence and a change in cultural consumption patterns.

In 1989, the Amorim Group acquired the building and, after years of closure, carried out renovation work. The space was transformed into a hotel on the upper floors, while the first floor was given over to commercial stores. It later housed the Citizen’s Bureau, before being converted into a business-class apart-hotel on the upper floors.

Today, the Cineteatro Eden remains a historic landmark in Lisbon, preserving its original façade while adapting to modern times as a multifunctional space that combines history, culture, and commerce.

Cinema Ideal

Cinema Ideal, located in the heart of Lisbon, carries with it a rich history dating back to 1904, making it not only the oldest continuously operating cinema in Portugal but also one of the oldest in Europe and the world. Its trajectory is marked by a continuous devotion to independent cinema, Portuguese and European cinema, as well as an unwavering commitment to the local community.

In 2014, it underwent a complete revitalization, led by architect José Neves, which gave it a new lease of life and a modern structure, equipped with the most advanced digital image and sound projection systems. This renovation project received international recognition, including the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation’s Vasco Villalva Prize and the AICA Architecture Award.

Cinema Ideal has become a meeting place not only for movie lovers but also for the local community. Its diverse program attracts distributors, producers, film festivals, and personalities from Portuguese cultural life, who often animate and present special screenings. In addition, the cinema is an intergenerational meeting place, promoting events that attract both the young and older audiences of the parish.

In addition to the 190-seat cinema, Cinema Ideal houses a DVD store, offering an extensive collection of over 300 references, as well as a selection of movie posters and books on cinema.

The cinema has the support of the Lisbon City Council and the Cinema and Audiovisual Institute of the Ministry of Culture, as well as being part of the prestigious Europa Cinemas network, with support from the Creative Europe MEDIA program of the European Union. These partnerships solidify Cinema Ideal’s role as a vital pillar in promoting film culture and enriching the cultural experience in the Portuguese capital.

Cinema Avis

The Cinema Avis, located at 45 Avenida Duque de Ávila in Lisbon, Portugal, was a magnificent building designed by the renowned architect Raul Lino. In the 1930s, it was recognized as one of the grandest and most elegant cinemas in the Portuguese capital. However, over the following decades, it underwent significant transformations, especially in the 1950s, when the architect Maurício de Vasconcelos led new interventions in the space.

The history of the Avis Cinema dates back to the Trianon-Palace, inaugurated in 1930 by the Count of Vila da Praia da Vitória. With a capacity for 538 spectators, the Trianon-Palace hosted a memorable inaugural session, showing notable films and presenting a live orchestra concert. Two years later, the space was acquired by Vicente Alcântara and renamed Cinema Palácio, undergoing renovations that included enlarging the audience and adding luxurious decorative elements.

In 1956, the cinema underwent another phase of renovation under the management of Soprocine – Sociedade Proprietária de Cinemas, Lda. Under the direction of Maurício de Vasconcelos, the interior was remodeled, introducing a modern, minimalist aesthetic. Reopened as the Avis Cinema, the venue hosted a variety of films, from musical comedies to dramas, standing out as a stage for important premieres.

However, over the years, the Avis Cinema faced increasing challenges, including a change in programming to adult films after 1974. Finally, in 1988, the cinema closed down and was demolished to make way for residential buildings.

Thus, the Avis Cinema left its mark on Lisbon’s cultural history, remembered not only for its architectural grandeur, but also for its contribution to the city’s film scene.

Cinema Quarteto

The Cinema Quarteto, located at Rua Flores do Lima, nº16, in Lisbon, Portugal, was a remarkable architectural work designed by architect Nuno San-Payo and conceived by writer and filmmaker Pedro Bandeira Freire.

Its inauguration on November 21, 1975, marked a significant milestone in Portuguese cinematographic history, being the first multiplex cinema in the country, consisting of four cinemas spread over two floors, with a total capacity of 716 spectators. However, after more than three decades in operation, it closed its doors on November 16, 2007.

Cinema Quarteto quickly stood out for its proposal to show alternative cinema, attracting a diverse audience, made up mainly of university students and cinephiles. Its varied program included everything from European cinema classics to premieres of national productions, establishing itself as an important meeting point for lovers of the seventh art in Lisbon.

In addition to film screenings, the space hosted a variety of cultural activities, such as film exhibitions, film marathons, plays, and premieres of acclaimed Portuguese films. However, over the years, the cinema began to face financial and structural difficulties, resulting in its gradual decline during the 90s.

Following management changes and a safety inspection that revealed worrying structural deficiencies, Cinema Quarteto was forced to close its operations in 2007. The building was subsequently acquired by the Plenitude of Christ Church in 2013 but remained dormant until it was transformed into a coworking space for startups in 2019.

So, although Cinema Quarteto has closed down, its legacy as an icon of film culture in Portugal continues to echo in the memory of those who frequented its theaters and celebrated its cultural diversity.

Cinema Europa

The Cinema Europa, located at 28 Rua Francisco Metrass in Lisbon, Portugal, has been an architectural and cultural landmark since it opened as a movie theater in 1931. Initially designed by Raúl Martins, the building has undergone several transformations over the years, becoming one of the most emblematic symbols of the Campo de Ourique neighborhood.

Initially known as Cinema Astória, the Europa stood out for its fusion of Art Deco and modernist elements, featuring an austere façade and a formally theatrical projection room. With a capacity for 878 spectators, it quickly became a meeting place for movie lovers in Lisbon.

After undergoing renovations in 1936, the cinema continued to attract crowds until, in 1957, the original building was demolished to make way for a new structure under the same name. Designed by architect Carlos Antero Ferreira and adorned with a high-relief sculpture by renowned sculptor Euclides Vaz, the new Cinema Europa opened in 1966 with great pomp and circumstance, marking a new era for the venue.

During the 1970s, the cinema underwent another phase of renovation, led by architect Raúl Rodrigues Lima, who added an iconic tile panel to the entrance hall, further raising the venue’s prestige.

However, in 1981, after fifty years of operation, Cinema Europa closed its doors as a movie theater, although it continued to be used for recording television programs and live shows. In the following years, the building faced the risk of being turned into a luxury condominium, but thanks to the “SOS Cinema Europa” movement, led by local residents, the space was preserved and turned into a library and cultural space.

After years of renovation and revitalization, the space reopened its doors in March 2017, keeping the memory of the cinema alive and offering the community a place dedicated to culture and entertainment. In this way, Cinema Europa continues to play an important role in Lisbon’s cultural life, celebrating the past while looking to the future.

Fade Out

As the curtain falls on our exploration of Lisbon’s historic movie theaters, we find ourselves immersed in a nostalgic journey through the city’s cinematic past. From the grandeur of Cinema São Jorge to the art deco charm of Cinema Europa, each theater we visited has left an indelible mark on Lisbon’s cultural landscape.

In a world dominated by multiplexes and streaming services, these iconic theaters stand as monuments to a bygone era when going to the movies was a magical experience, a communal ritual filled with anticipation and wonder. They remind us of a time when each film screening felt like a special event, and the silver screen held the power to transport us to distant lands and ignite our imaginations.

Through our exploration, we’ve witnessed the architectural splendor of venues like Cinema Império and the innovative spirit of spaces like Cineteatro Capitólio. We’ve learned about the rich history and cultural significance of each theater, from their grand openings to their eventual transformations or closures.

But beyond their physical presence, these theaters are more than just buildings; they are repositories of memories, stories, and emotions. They are places where friendships were forged, romances blossomed, and dreams took flight. They are symbols of resilience, adapting to changing times while remaining steadfast in their commitment to preserving the magic of cinema.

As we bid farewell to Lisbon’s historical movie theaters, let us carry with us the spirit of nostalgia and appreciation for these cultural treasures. Let us remember the moments of joy, laughter, and tears that were shared within their walls. And let us honor their legacy by continuing to celebrate the magic of cinema, both in Lisbon and beyond.

Though the era of grand movie palaces may have faded into memory, their legacy lives on in the hearts and minds of cinephiles everywhere. And as long as there are stories to be told and audiences eager to listen, the magic of the movies will continue to captivate and inspire us, just as it did in the golden age of cinema.

So let us raise a toast to Lisbon’s historical movie theaters, where dreams were made on the silver screen, and where the magic of cinema lives on forever.

Porto’s most famous love story took place in the 19th century. Camilo Castelo Branco and Ana Plácido challenged the city’s norms and sense of morality, and, boy, was their relationship tumultuous! Camilo, a renowned writer, and Ana, a married woman and also a writer herself, dared to defy societal conventions. Marriage, prison, going on trial, nothing could break the bond of these lovers. Let’s dive into their dramatic love story!

The Lovers

Camilo Castelo Branco

Camilo Castelo Branco, a man of letters and a literary virtuoso, was known for his Romantic melodramas and works of realism. He was born in Lisbon in 1825, under circumstances that would shape his tumultuous life. Orphaned in childhood and raised by relatives in northern Portugal, his upbringing was marked by a lack of discipline and formal education.

At 16, he married Joaquina Pereira de França and began a life of studies and early literary pursuits. He dabbled in medicine and theology in Porto but soon found his true calling in the world of literature.

Camilo’s life in Porto started in 1843. Despite academic failures, he immersed himself in poetry and published his first works. His life took some huge dramatic turns with imprisonment in 1846, accusations of theft, and the start of his journalism career. The death of his wife in 1847 led to a return to Porto, where he faced trouble due to his controversial writings.

Ana Augusta Plácido

Ana Augusta Plácido was born in 1831 to a bourgeois family in a small city. At 19, she married 43-year-old Manuel Pinheiro Alves, a prosperous Brazilian businessman from Porto. The marriage was arranged by her father, António José Plácido Braga, and her fiancé, a common practice then. However, Ana had been in love with writer Camilo Castelo Branco since she was 15, having previously met him at a dance.

The Relationship Blossoms

Although Ana was married to Manuel Pinheiro Alves, her connection with Camilo grew. This relationship blossomed alongside Camilo’s complex interactions with the religious and literary circles of the time, including his considerations of a religious career.

Ana was a spirited woman with a talent for writing, often using a male pseudonym – a common practice at the time. However, her love for Camilo led her to forgo her literary ambitions, dedicating herself to being a supportive wife and mother. She assisted Camilo with manuscripts, influencing many of his stories.

Ana, aware of the scandal their relationship would cause, chose love over societal approval. She left her husband, embarking on a journey with Camilo that would lead them through the highest highs and the lowest lows.

In 1859, Camilo and Ana Plácido traveled to Lisbon. However, their life was challenging, as they were two fugitives moving across the country, struggling with limited resources. On August 11th, 1859, the couple had a son, Manuel Plácido, who was legally declared the son of Pinheiro Alves.

As their affair became public, the scandal rocked Porto. Ana was forced into a convent in Braga, in an attempt to quell the flames of their love. But, like a phoenix rising from the ashes, Ana fled the convent, returning to Camilo’s arms. Their love was unbreakable, a testament to their devotion to each other.

The Arrest

In 1860, Ana’s husband, feeling betrayed, filed an adultery lawsuit against them, leading to their imprisonment in Porto at the Cadeia da Relação, now the current site of the Portuguese Photography Center.

Ana was captured on June 6th, 1860, and Camilo, after hiding in Entre-Douro-e-Minho, surrendered to the authorities on October 1st. In jail, Camilo enjoyed some comforts and was not confined to his cell all the time. He was visited twice by Dom Pedro V and managed to write his most famous and widely read novel, “Amor de Perdição,” in just 15 days. Ana’s presence was a constant in Camilo’s life, even as they faced societal judgment and legal troubles.

Marriage and Later Years

In October 1861, Ana and Camilo were cleared of charges, thanks to Dr. José Maria Teixeira de Queiroz. Eça’s father and a Court Counselor, Queiroz frequently visited the writer to shape his legal defense. Although grateful to Queiroz, Camilo later engaged in a heated debate with Queiroz’s son.

In 1862, the couple moved to Lisbon. There, their son, Jorge Camilo Plácido de Castelo-Branco, was born on June 26, 1863. That year, following Pinheiro Alves’ death, Manuel Plácido inherited a house in São Miguel de Ceide, Famalicão. The family relocated there in 1864, where their third child, Nuno Plácido, was born on September 15.

Despite living in Famalicão, Camilo frequently visited Porto. He often went to libraries, theaters, and beaches in Leça da Palmeira and Foz. In 1868, he married Ana Plácido in Porto and lived on Rua de Santa Catarina. The family also traveled to Lisbon and Coimbra, focusing on their children’s education. In 1868, Ana and Camilo co-founded A Gazeta Literária do Porto. In 1872, they hosted Brazil’s Emperor, D. Pedro II, in Porto.

Camilo’s personal life, however, was marred by tragedy. The insanity of his son and his own declining health cast a shadow over his later years. In 1890, overcome by illness and despair, Camilo ended his life, a tragic conclusion to a life lived with fervent intensity.

Ana’s life was equally marked by literary achievement and personal struggle. Her novel “Herança de Lágrimas” reflected her insightful perspective on the complexities of female morality and choice. After Camilo’s death, Ana continued to live in the home they shared, her final years spent in the shadow of her great love. She passed away suddenly in 1895, leaving behind a legacy of literary and personal resilience.

The love story of Camilo and Ana was a tale of passion and a narrative of defiance against the rigid norms of their society. Their romance is a story of hope and inspiration for those who dared to love beyond the boundaries set by tradition, a timeless tale that continues to inspire and captivate.

The Portuguese Photography Center and the Amor de Perdição Statue

The prison where Camilo and Ana were imprisoned is now the Portuguese Photography Center in Porto. Since 2012, a statue with the same name as Castelo Branco’s novel “Amor de Perdição” stood in the square. Sculpted by Francisco Simões, it depicted Castelo Branco fully dressed, being embraced by a naked Ana Plácido.

In September 2023, the mayor of Porto decided to tear it down viewing it as inappropriate after a small group petitioned against it.

The relationship between Camilo and Ana, even 175 years later, continues to stir controversy but will never be forgotten in the hearts of the Portuguese people.

When the topic of Portuguese literature pops up in a conversation, most people immediately think of Fernando Pessoa and Jose Saramago – which is only understandable, considering their worldwide recognition.

However, long before their birth, the literary landscape of Portugal was mostly dominated by Eça de Queirós, now considered one of the most influential Portuguese writers of all time.

So, who was Eça de Queirós, why is his work so important, why should any dedicated bibliophile read at least one of his books, and, lastly, which one to start with?

Eça de Queirós – Birth and Baptism

The history of Póvoa de Varzim, a city in the subregion of Grande Porto situated on the Atlantic coast, starts around 4000-6000 years ago. However, it is only in the last several hundred years that it has gained recognition for being a tranquil beach resort – one of the most popular in Northern Portugal, in fact.

Above this, Póvoa de Varzim earned its status as a cultural and historical center. Incidentally, it is also the birthplace of the writer who would change the course of Portuguese literature and become one of the most influential European writers of the 19th century – Eça de Queirós.

On the 25th of November 1845, in a house at number 1-3 of Largo de São Sebastião on Praça do Almada, José Maria de Eça de Queirós was born. His parents were Jose Maria Teixeira de Quieros, a delegate of the royal attorney, a judge, as well as a writer and poet, and Carolina Augusta Pereira d’Eça.

Because his parents weren’t married at the time of Eça de Queirós’ birth, his mother’s name was hidden from the birth certificate, and the baptism was handled by Francisco Augusto Pereira Soromenho, one of his mother’s relatives. Eça de Queirós ended up being baptized in Igreja de São João Batista, one of the most important landmarks in Vila do Conde, close to the city of Póvoa de Varzim.

Family Controversy

When Eça de Queirós was four years old, his parents finally got married. However, it is believed that his mother never acknowledged Eça de Queirós as her son.

Furthermore, the word goes that due to Eça de Queirós being born outside marriage and, in addition, that he exhibited incestuous tendencies toward one of his cousins, he never spent too much time with his parents. Instead, he was primarily raised by a nanny and spent much of his childhood in Aradas, Aveiro, in his grandmother’s case.

This tumultuous childhood, which would undoubtedly leave a deep mark on anyone’s personality, is thought to have greatly influenced Eça de Queirós’ later writings.

His books are by far about happy, balanced families. Instead, the author focuses on the most abnormal relationships possible, and, as you’ll probably notice if you decide to read anything signed by him, incest is a recurrent motif in his books, which stands as a symbol of abnormality.

Porto, Coimbra, and Lisbon

Until 1861, when he turned 16 years old, Eça de Queirós studied at Colégio da Lapa in Porto, now known as Seminário-Colégio da Irmandade da Lapa, one of the city’s first educational institutions.

He then left Porto for Coimbra, after having been admitted to the University of Coimbra at the faculty of Law. In short, like many other writers and artists who would end up shaping the history of their respective field, Eça de Queirós started navigating the adult world while pursuing a legal career. However, unlike some artists who found their calling while studying law and decided to discontinue their studies to pursue it, Eça de Queirós decided to graduate from the faculty of Law.

Shortly after, he moved to Lisbon, where he started practicing law, and at the same time, fulfilling his writing vocation by practicing journalism. Even before arriving in Lisbon, Eça de Queirós had written several pieces published in a local magazine, possibly inspired by his good friend Antero de Quental, another famous Portuguese writer and poet. In Lisbon, however, he had endless opportunities to grow.

Pursuing a Career in Diplomacy

A few years after moving to Lisbon, Eça de Queirós set on a 6-week journey to the Orient. The impressions from this trip were immortalized in his later works, including O Misterio da Estrada de Sintra, as well as A Reliquia.

Upon returning home, he moved to Leiria, having been appointed municipal administrator. During his stay there, Eça de Queirós embarked on a journey that would later culminate in his nomination as Portugal’s most notorious realist writer – the Charles Dickens or Gustave Flaubert of Portugal. It was in Leiria that he wrote one of his most widely recognized novels – O Crime do Padre Amaro.

However, Eça de Queirós did not remain in Leiria for too long, as he was quickly appointed Portugal’s consul in Havana. He stayed there for two years but did not miss the chance to visit Canada, the United States, and Central America. Subsequently, his diplomatic career took him to Newcastle, Bristol, and Paris.

Marriage and Death

When Eça de Queirós turned 40, he married Emília de Castro. Together, they had four children whom, unfortunately, the author didn’t see becoming adults, as he died in 1900.

Eça de Queirós was never a strong and healthy man. In 1900, he fell seriously ill, experiencing stomach pain, fever, diarrhea, lack of appetite, and neuralgia. Doctors suggested he probably had Crohn’s disease or tuberculosis, but no one knew for sure.

Eça de Queirós underwent several treatments which, unfortunately, seemed to be of no use. After having returned home from Switzerland, where he had gone to seek treatment, Eça de Queirós was in terrible shape, on the verge of death.

Three days later, on the 16th of August 1900, he was anointed – a religious practice often called extreme unction that implied anointing the sick person’s forehead and hands with oil alongside a liturgical prayer to alleviate their sufferings. Afterward, Eça de Queirós died peacefully in his home in Neuilly-sur-Seine.

Eça de Queirós – Literary Career

While studying at the Faculty of Law at the University of Coimbra, Eça de Queirós started writing pieces that were subsequently published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine.

After moving to Lisbon, he pursued a career in journalism (alongside practicing law and eventually becoming a diplomat – how did he ever have time to eat?!), having eventually become the director of the O Distrito de Evora magazine.

The young author also collaborated with Renascença, an important magazine in Porto, A Imprensa, a magazine focused on science, literature, and arts, and Ribaltas e gambiarras.

The first book he wrote was O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra, which translates as The Mystery of the Sintra Road. It was based much on his notes from his 6-week journey to the Orient. The book is now considered the first Portuguese detective story.

A Relíquia – The Relic – followed (although it was published much later), which already showed Eça de Queirós’ preference for the realist literary movement.

While in Leiria, Eça de Queirós worked on his next major book that still stands as an influential title of European realist literature – O Crime do Padre Amaro, translated as The Crime of Father Amaro.

In between working hours, while building his diplomatic career, Eça de Queirós continued writing. He published O Primo Basilio (“Cousin Bazilio”), O Mandarim (“The Mandarin”), and Os Maias (“The Maias”) among others.

Literary historians believe that Eça de Queiros may have visited Emile Zola, a French writer, and father of naturalism. This probably occurred in Paris, after Eça de Queirós had been sent there for consular duties. The two authors may have had productive literary conversations, and Emile Zola may have played a part in Eça de Queirós’ undivided attention to literary realism.

Art critics claim that there are also traces of naturalism in Eça de Queirós’ The Maias, which may indicate why the author showed an interest in Emile Zola’s work.

Eça de Queirós’ Legacy

Many of the works signed by Eça de Queirós’ were published posthumously. His novels were translated into more than 20 languages, further proving his worldwide literary influence.

In addition, several books signed by him were chosen for movie adaptations:

• O Crime do Padre Amaro – first adapted in 2002 and directed by Carlos Carrera; in 2005, a Portuguese version directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva was released.
• O Primo Basilio – adapted on Brazilian television as a 35-episode TV series; in 2007 a movie (directed by Daniel Filho) based on the same book was released.
• Os Maias – adapted by Rede Globo as a 40-episode TV series; in 2014, it was adapted into a 1.5-million-euro movie by João Botelho.
• O Misterio da Estrada de Sintra – adapted into a movie produced in 2007

Besides these movie/TV series adaptations, many of Eça de Queirós’ novels were adapted for theater, particularly by Alice de Sousa, a London-based film and theater producer.

You’re probably wondering why we are even mentioning these, right?! Because we’re trying to convince you to read one of Eça de Queirós’ books and maybe even check out an adaptation – why not?!

It’s an excellent way to learn more about Portugal through the eyes of a local and explore the skillful way Eça de Queirós maneuvered various literary devices to shape political, economic, and social dilemmas.

The fact that his books are part of the realist movement is only an advantage for anyone looking for a book that will draw them into an authentic Portuguese setting!

Have we convinced you? (We certainly hope so!) Check out some details about Eça de Queirós’ pivotal books and pick one! (Spoiler alert – most of his books are quite dark and twisted!)

The Mystery of the Sintra Road

Pages: 219

We should probably start by saying that The Mystery of the Sintra Road, the first Portuguese detective story and Eça de Queirós’ first novel, was co-written with Ramalho Ortigão, another Portuguese writer.

The two met while Eça de Queirós was still a student in Porto. The writers often collaborated career-wise and remained close friends throughout their lives. The book was first published in 66 letters in the Diário de Notícias newspaper and subsequently edited to be published as a book.

The story focuses on two friends kidnapped by several masked men while returning to Sintra from Lisbon. They are taken to a house, where they discover a corpse. One of the two friends is a doctor, and the kidnappers ask him to confirm the cause of death. Another man enters the story who seems to know the answer to all questions. We’re up to an intricate unraveling of a twisted plot! What happens next? We’ll let you find that out!

The Crime of Father Amaro

Pages: 471

The Crime of Father Amaro: Scenes from the Religious Life, sometimes called The Sin of Father Amaro, was published in 1875 and (surprise-surprise!) ended up causing much controversy. Why so?

The answer’s quite clear – The Crime of Father Amaro is a story of a sexually frustrated priest who was forced into the priesthood. And no, we’re not just observing his thoughts and attempts to deal with this profound frustration. We’re also witnessing father Amaro falling in love with Amélia, who happens to be engaged to João Eduardo, an atheist and free-thinker.

Their engagement doesn’t last too long because Amélia is soon forced to break it off (incidentally, Father Amaro had a minor contribution to it). And so the controversial story unfolds, drawing the readers into “Eça’s relentless and unforgiving satire […] that employs every sort of comedy,” as Michael Dirda described it.

The three characters mentioned above are only a few among many that will stir your interest and “force” you to keep turning the pages, diving deeper and deeper into a story of religion, tolerance, equality, wisdom, and, ultimately, hypocrisy.

Cousin Bazilio

Pages: 439

Cousin Bazilio is another piece of social criticism depicted through a bouquet of typical characters.

Eça de Queirós introduces us to a bourgeois couple living in Lisbon in the 19th century – Jorge, a successful engineer, and Luiza, his highly romantic wife. Their friends are truly a remarkable combination of personalities whose lives are burdened by the most mundane troubles – gas crises, love affairs, adultery, anger, envy, and whatnot.

One day, Luiza faces issues in her own paradise – her husband must go to Alentejo, while she remains in Lisbon, bored and melancholic. That’s when the star of our story comes to visit her – Bazilio, a rich man whom Luiza quickly falls in love with (in fact, falls in love with him again, because they’d actually dated before!).

Bazilio couldn’t be more pleased, having nothing to object to “this love story [which] was pleasant and fascinating because it couldn’t be more complete! There was a little adultery, a little incest.” The tension only increases when Luisa is blackmailed, and Jorge returns home!

In Cousin Basilio, Eça de Queirós proves why he eventually earned his status as a classic writer – the intriguing tone and rhythm of the book, and the skillful use of characters to pinpoint deeper social issues are quite fascinating! Just wait until you get to the end! You’ll probably have lots of questions to ask Eça de Queirós!

The Maias

Pages: 506

The Maias: Episodes of Romantic Life is probably Eça de Queirós’ most widely recognized book, which, yet again (and unsurprising, considering that the author was a realist writer), focuses on providing readers with a broad social critique, as well as a political and moral dilemma.

The hero of the story, Carlos Maia, is a rich, handsome, and intelligent man who wants to make a change in Portugal. The narrator, however, takes us back in time, introducing us to other members of the aristocratic Maia family, with Alfonso da Maia (Carlos’ grandfather) as its head.

Since the book outlines various political and economic issues that marked turning points in the history of Portugal, The Maias is the choice if you want to learn more about the country. All these details are beautifully wrapped in romance, love affairs, and, surprisingly for both the readers and the characters, incest.

As with almost all realist books, which took no shame in depicting society as it was – with all the positives and negatives – The Maias was both praised and criticized. Some regarded it as a deeply humorous and ironic novel, while others condemned Eça de Queirós, stating that his book depicted Portuguese society in a monotonous, shortsighted, and unrealistic way.

The Illustrious House of Ramires

Pages: 352

Eça de Queirós’ last book, The Illustrious House of Ramires, was published posthumously. The story (set in the late 19th century) focuses on the heir of an aristocratic Portuguese family – Gonçalo Ramires.

On the one hand, he prides himself in his legacy, and, on the other hand, is a weak-willed and a dreamer who tries to live up to his ancestors’ heroism. Since Gonçalo is also an amateur historian, he decides to leave a mark on his family’s history by writing a book.

The readers are, of course, to join him in this deeply humorous yet interesting journey that shows Gonçalo trying to conceal his writing passion with his election as deputy in the Portuguese parliament. Quite a combination that culminates in an ending you’ll certainly enjoy!

On January 30, 2022, in elections brought forward by the rejection of the state budget, which led to the dissolution of Parliament and the calling of new elections, the PS had an absolute majority. The expectation was to create conditions for stability in government over the next four years. But that didn’t happen.

After several government crises, the 23rd government fell following a judicial investigation into the Sines Data Center, Lithium, and, above all, a paragraph in a press release from the Attorney General’s Office announcing the opening of an investigation into Prime Minister António Costa as part of Operation Influencer.

António Costa resigned on November 7, 2023, because he felt he was unable to remain in office. The chief of staff, Vítor Escária, the infrastructure minister João Galamba, and his friend Diogo Lacerda Machado were suspected of influence peddling.

The President of the Republic accepted the resignation, a month later made the government’s resignation official and on January 15, 2024, dissolved the Assembly of the Republic and scheduled early elections for March 10, the second in four years, both during Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa’s second and last term.

It was the ninth time that this mechanism, enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic, has been activated in the history of Portuguese democracy.

On March 10, 46 days before the 50th anniversary of April 25, Portugal will go to the polls for the 17th time in democracy to decide the new composition of the Assembly of the Republic, which will determine who will form the government and who will be Prime Minister, appointed by the President of the Republic. These are the second early parliamentary elections in four years. This guide explains what’s at stake.

In this article, you can find the major proposals of each party in seven different areas: health, education, economy, social protection, justice, environment, and housing.

For a question of brevity, only the eight parties with parliamentary seats have been included, but it is important to note that, depending on the electoral circle, there will be up to ten other parties on your voting bulletin.

So now, without any further ado, let’s see what each Portuguese party promises.

PS – Partido Socialista

Political spectrum: Center-left

Portugal’s Socialist Party (PS) is one of the country’s main political forces, with a history dating back to the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974, which put an end to the Estado Novo dictatorship. Founded on April 19, 1973, during the dictatorship, the PS was conceived as a center-left party, with the aim of promoting democracy, social and economic progress, and equal opportunities.

After the Carnation Revolution, the PS emerged as a significant political force, with many of its members playing important roles in the provisional government and in the first democratic governments. The party played a key role in drafting the 1976 Portuguese Constitution, which established the fundamental principles of parliamentary democracy in Portugal.

During the early years of democracy, the PS faced significant challenges, including internal divisions and ideological disputes. However, under the leadership of prominent figures such as Mário Soares, António Guterres, and José Sócrates, the party managed to consolidate its support and establish itself as a dominant political force in Portugal.

Health

• Immediate negotiations with public health professionals to review careers and raise salaries;
• Equalizing the entry position of nurses with graduates in the general public administration career;
• Increase the capacity to provide local health care;
• Dignify the careers of hospital administrators and middle managers in the NHS;
• Creation of a permanent care network in reference health centers.

Education

• Beginning negotiations with teachers to recover the length of service in stages;
• Moving forward with an evaluation of the national public education network;
• Guarantee pre-school attendance for all children from the age of three and make pre-school education compulsory from the age of 4;
• Continue digital training for schools;
• Strengthen the conditions for student accommodation, aiming to have 30,000 beds in public supply by 2028.

Economy

• Reinforce the reduction in personal income tax for the middle class and update the limits of the brackets in line with inflation;
• Extend the “IRS Jovem” to all young people, regardless of their level of education;
• Return of part of the VAT paid on essential goods to lower-income families;
• Increase the national minimum wage to 1,000 euros by the end of the next legislature, in 2028;
• Discuss with the social partners the adoption of instruments to improve companies’ employment situations.

Social Protection

• To enable pensioners to maintain a decent standard of living compared to their working lives;
• Reject any attempt to totally or partially privatize the pension system;
• Ensure that the reference value of the Solidarity Supplement for the Elderly remains at least in line with the poverty threshold;
• Extension of tax consignment to strengthen the pension system;
• Promote phased transition models between work and retirement, with part-time retirement.

Justice

• Making justice more efficient, transparent, and accessible;
• Provide the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the criminal police with the means to investigate new forms of crime;
• Review the rules on connecting processes, thus avoiding mega-processes;
• Strengthening the role of the Justice Advisory Council as a way of improving dialogue between all the players;
• Reviewing and enhancing the careers of bailiffs, registrars, and registry officers.

Environment

• Creation of incentives to use solar energy in parking lots or other urban buildings;
• Evaluate the increase in the share of the Efficiency Voucher and accelerate investment in the energy rehabilitation of buildings and condominiums;
• Design a permanent support mechanism for improving the energy efficiency of homes;
• Improving the quality of life and well-being of the population, promoting air quality, pollution control, and revision of the noise and light pollution laws;
• Lithium prospecting and research.

Housing

• Public guarantee for the financing of home loans taken out by people up to the age of 40;
• Aggravation of capital gains on properties acquired and sold without being restored or inhabited;
• Revision of the calculation formula for updating rents to include the evolution of salaries;
• An increase of 50 euros per year in the deductible expenditure on rent for personal income tax purposes until it reaches 800 euros;
• Increase the scope of the Porta 65 program.

AD – Aliança Democrática

Political spectrum: Center-right

The Democratic Alliance (AD) is a center-right political coalition made up of the Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD), the CDS – People’s Party (CDS-PP), the Monarchist People’s Party (PPM), and independent figures. It was founded by Luís Montenegro, Nuno Melo, and Gonçalo da Câmara Pereira, together with several independent personalities.

AD’s history goes back to previous attempts to form a coalition, the first being between 1979 and 1983. Since then, there have been several attempts to reshape the coalition. In 1985, the spirit of AD was revived to support Freitas do Amaral’s candidacy in the presidential elections. In the 2022 legislative elections, AD was revived only in the Azores.

In December 2023, the coalition was restored for the 2024 legislative elections, the 2024 regional elections in the Azores, and the 2024 European elections, as well as for local agreements in the 2025 municipal elections. In addition to the three base parties, AD includes a platform of independents.

There were disputes over the PPM’s use of the AD name, but in January 2024, the PPM accepted the proposals and joined the coalition, with the three founding parties remaining in the current coalition.

For the 2024 parliamentary elections, AD will run in all the constituencies in mainland Portugal, in the Azores, and in the emigration constituencies, excluding the Madeira constituency, where there will be a coalition between PPD/PSD and CDS-PP.

Health

• Conclude “temporary contracts with retired or private family doctors”, as foreseen in the SNS Emergency Plan 2024-2025 to be presented in the government’s first 60 days;
• Guarantee the issue of a Specialty Consultation Voucher when the maximum guaranteed response time is exceeded;
• Define a new set of incentives to attract health professionals, in conjunction with local authorities to attract them to the most deprived areas;
• Reinforce investment in the NHS to support fertility and Medically Assisted Procreation (PMA);
• Develop networks of Continuous Care, Palliative Care, and Proximity Outpatient Centers.

Education

• Gradual restoration of teachers’ length of service between 2025 and 2028, at a rate of 20% each year;
• Deduct the accommodation costs of teachers who are more than 70 km from their home area from the IRS and change the placement model;
• Universal access to free pre-school education and nurseries by 2025;
• Strengthening school autonomy in harmony with local authorities and redefining the role of the Ministry of Education, giving it regulatory responsibilities;
• Revision of the “Essential Learning” and teaching guidelines.

Economy

• Progressively lowering the personal income tax by two percentage points a year for the middle class between 2025 and 2027, extended up to the eighth income bracket [which, in three years, would take this tax from the current 21 percent to 15 percent];
• Lowering the IRS for young people with a maximum rate of 15 percent up to the age of 35;
• Guarantee an increase in the minimum wage to €1,000 by the end of the legislature and create the conditions for the average wage to rise to €1,750 by the end of the decade;
• Exempt performance bonuses from contributions and taxes, up to the limit of one monthly salary;
• In corporate income tax, reduce rates by two percentage points a year to 15 percent.

Social Protection

• Guarantee a gradual increase in the reference value of the CSI to a minimum monthly income for pensioners of 820 euros in 2028;
• Create a new mechanism to simplify the social support system by aggregating it into a Solidarity Pay Supplement;
• Study the creation of a single benefit per type for non-contributory benefits;
• Bringing social protection for the self-employed, informal caregivers, and remote workers into line with the scheme for employees;
• Strengthen the support network of informal caregivers.

Justice

• Fighting corruption by regulating lobbying and criminalizing illicit enrichment, further increasing the penalties;
• Changing the rules of procedural legislation, to combat the creation of mega-processes and to avoid delays;
• Revision of the general regime of administrative offenses;
• Create a Permanent Commission for Justice Reform;
• Amend the Constitution to, among other things, clarify the status of all judges, how they are appointed, the length of their terms of office, and the guarantees of irremovability.

Environment

• Simplifying environmental licensing and strengthening transparency and inspection;
• Increasing green spaces in urban centers and implementing energy efficiency measures in urban areas with greater social vulnerability and risk of energy poverty;
• Promote full digitalization of the water cycle and increase the percentage of water for reuse;
• Develop the measures introduced by the green tax reform;
• Create the Coastal Resilience Action Program 2025-2040 to finance structural interventions and ongoing investments.

Housing

• Supporting young people up to the age of 35 in buying a home, through 100 percent state guarantees and exemption from IMT on the first home;
• Flexibility in land occupation limitations, urban densities (including high-rise construction) and construction demands and requirements;
• Exceptional and temporary scheme for the elimination or reduction of tax costs in construction or rehabilitation, including the reduction of VAT to six percent;
• Injecting vacant or underused public buildings and land into the market;
• Launch a Public-Private Partnership Program for large-scale construction and rehabilitation.

Chega

Political spectrum: Far-right

Chega is a Portuguese political party that emerged from small groups within the Social Democratic Party, led by André Ventura. Its rise to prominence in the media occurred when Ventura made controversial statements about Roma communities and was considered a representative of the second-largest party at the time.

Initially, Chega had fewer links with far-right movements, but gained significant visibility due to its campaign against “political correctness”.

In 2020, the party attempted a merger with the Citizenship and Christian Democracy Party, but this was prevented by the Constitutional Court. Subsequently, the Citizenship and Christian Democracy Party dissolved, and many of its members joined Chega.

Chega has established international links with other right-wing parties, such as Identity and Democracy in Europe and Vox in Spain. However, since its foundation, the party has been marked by controversy, including reports of a lack of internal democracy, dissent, expulsions, and resignations of militants.

There have also been incidents of physical aggression between party members and attacks on third parties, as well as threats and insults on social media associated with party leaders. These controversies have raised concerns about the party’s conduct and internal culture.

Health

• Transforming the National Health Service into a National Health System that links the public, private and social sectors;
• Reform the Basic Health Law with public-private partnership management models;
• Strengthening primary care and emergency care;
• All citizens should be assigned a family doctor;
• Promoting the development and retention of health professionals in the SNS.

Education

• Full recovery of teachers’ frozen service time, the abolition of career progression quotas and salary increases;
• Reducing curricula and school timetables;
• Resumption of national exams at the end of all cycles of basic and secondary education;
• Extending school social action to private and cooperative students;
• “Review” of school funding in these two sectors.

Economy

• Increase the National Minimum Wage to 1,000 euros by 2026;
• Exempting a 15th salary from personal income tax (IRS) and exempting young people up to the age of 35 from IRS until they have earned 100,000 euros since the start of their careers;
• Overtime with IRS and Social Security exemptions and a reduction in shift allowance;
• Reinstatement of zero VAT on a wider list of essential foodstuffs and a reduced VAT rate for restaurants;
• Single corporate income tax rate of 15% for the autonomous and inland regions and 18% for the rest of the country.

Social Protection

• Increase the minimum retirement pension to equal the national minimum wage;
• Partial or total exemption from the payment of company contributions to the general social security system;
• Bonuses for workers and companies that extend working life and facilitate the accumulation of retirement pensions with income from work;
• Implement a “Simplex Social Security”;
• Increase parental leave to 12 months and ensure prenatal family allowance from conception.

Justice

• Introduction of the life sentence and the accessory sanction of chemical castration into the Penal Code;
• Revision and toughening of sentences for crimes such as domestic violence, crimes of a sexual nature, crimes against children, among others;
• Strengthening powers, resources, and training in the fight against economic, financial, and organized crime;
• Advances in plea bargaining;
• Reform of the system for seizing, confiscating, and returning the proceeds of economic and financial crime to the state (and any victims).

Environment

• Reformulation of the National Strategy for the Sea 2030;
• Implement a National Plan to Combat Water Losses;
• Implement a National Plan for the Use and Storage of Rainwater;
• Tax benefits for projects that promote a balance between economic development and ecological preservation;
• Insert the concept of the “dignity of animals” into the Constitution of the Republic and guarantee the implementation of the law against ill-treatment.

Housing

• Eliminate the IMI surcharge;
• Exempting the purchase of own permanent housing from IMI and IMT;
• Abolish the taxation of capital gains on the sale of the home, when the value is invested in a new home for the taxpayer or descendants;
• Broadening the range of Porta65 beneficiaries and simplifying the access process;
• Implement public-private partnerships for construction on state land.

IL – Iniciativa Liberal

Political spectrum: Center-right

The Liberal Initiative (IL) emerged with the formation of the Liberal Initiative Association in September 2016, based on the discussion of the 1947 Oxford Liberal Manifesto. Its manifesto “Portugal Mais Liberal” was drawn up collaboratively, using the principle of digital democracy.

After delivering more than 8176 signatures to the Constitutional Court in September 2017, the party was formalized, and its registration was accepted in December 2017. Since then, IL has actively participated in congresses of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

In 2019, IL ran in three elections in Portugal but failed to elect any MPs. However, in the legislative elections of October 2019, it achieved the election of a deputy, João Cotrim de Figueiredo, for the Lisbon constituency. Subsequently, in December 2019, a new Executive Committee was elected, led by João Cotrim de Figueiredo.

In July 2020, Tiago Mayan Gonçalves, president of the IL Council of Jurisdiction, announced his candidacy for the 2021 presidential elections, achieving 3.2% of the votes. Later, in October 2020, Nuno Barata was elected deputy in the Elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Azores.

Over the years, the IL has held national conventions to discuss and elect its bodies, as well as to approve statutory changes. In January 2023, Rui Rocha was elected president of the IL Executive Committee for the 2023-2025 term.

In September 2023, IL elected its first deputy in the Madeira Legislative Assembly Elections but chose not to take on government responsibilities, committing itself only to constructive opposition.

Health

• Assigning family doctors to specific groups, such as pregnant women, with the possibility of hiring private doctors. By 2028, a promise of a family doctor for everyone;
• Recover the Public-Private Partnerships in the hospitals of Braga, Vila Franca de Xira, and Loures and extend the model;
• Promoting mental health, guaranteeing effective access at all levels of care;
• Variable pay according to performance for all health professionals;
• Guaranteeing access to medicines and medical devices, with 100% reimbursement for those who cannot afford them.

Education

• A nursery check for 480 euros;
• Reintroduction of end-of-cycle exams;
• Proposing that retired teachers return to teaching “receiving a salary and accumulating it with a pension”;
• Switch from school funding to funding per pupil;
• Restructure the teaching career.

Economy

• The target of 1,500 euros net per month for the average salary by 2028;
• Single IRS rate of 15% on the part of income that exceeds the National Minimum Wage;
• Reducing the tax burden on self-employed professionals and workers;
• Single corporate income tax rate of 12% for companies, except for large multinationals (15% as required by European law);
• Create low-tax Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the interior of the country to attract investment.

Social Protection

• Reform the pension system, basing it on the principle of valuing individual savings and sustainable redistribution;
• Annual notification of information on the aggregate situation of social security contributions;
• Implement tax-free savings accounts;
• Guarantee the claim of savings certificates after the death of the holder;
• Reinforcing funding for Integrated Continued Care Units, many of which are run by Misericórdias and IPSSs.

Justice

• Faster administrative justice, through greater recourse to administrative arbitration;
• Implementation of specialized courts in matters of urban planning, the environment, and land use planning;
• Allow jurists of recognized merit to enter the judiciary directly;
• Qualify court clerks to guarantee advice in the courts;
• Combating domestic violence and protecting its victims.

Environment

• Create a national water market;
• Debureaucratizing and accelerating investment in clean energies;
• Conclude the forest registry, encouraging land consolidation by not charging administrative fees;
• Agricultural policy focused on reducing context costs, such as water and energy;
• Give co-management committees freedom and conditions in contracting management and restoration services for Protected Areas.

Housing

• End the current rent freeze;
• Any form of forced rental must be eliminated;
• Measures for young people such as reducing VAT on construction, eliminating IMT on the purchase of permanent housing, among others;
• Create a tax incentive scheme to attract investment, such as exemption from IMT when purchasing land;
• In local accommodation, a reversal of the tax increase introduced in recent years.

BE – Bloco de Esquerda

Political spectrum: Far-left

The “Left Bloc” was born in 1999 from the merger of three political forces – the Popular Democratic Union (UDP), the Revolutionary Socialist Party (PSR), and Política XXI – which criticized communism and real socialism while maintaining a socialist vision based on Marxism. The party stood out for its democratic organization and attracted new members with no previous affiliation.

Over time, the BE added other groups and tendencies, including feminist, LGBT, trade union, and environmental activists. The constituent parties gradually died out, becoming political associations that maintained their publications, such as Combate and A Comuna.

Electorally, the BE grew gradually. In the 1999 elections, it won two seats. In 2002, it increased to three. In 2005, it won eight seats, and in 2009, it elected 16 MPs, making it the fourth-largest political force in Portugal. However, in 2011, there was a significant reduction, with half of the parliamentary seats.

Internally, disagreements arose that led to the departure of prominent members, such as Daniel Oliveira and the Forum Manifesto current. João Semedo and Catarina Martins took over the leadership of the party, succeeding Francisco Louçã. In the 2015 elections, the BE had its greatest electoral success, becoming the third-largest political force and influencing a government led by the Socialist Party.

However, in 2022, the BE suffered a setback in the legislative elections, losing the majority of its parliamentary seats, going from 19 to 5, and becoming the country’s sixth-largest political force.

Health

• Creation of an exclusive regime, with a 40% increase in salary and 50% increase in points for career progression for health professionals;
• 100% reimbursement of medicines for people earning less than the national minimum wage;
• Establishment of a nurse and auxiliary technicians in the health teams for each family;
• Repeal the legislation that opens the door to new public-private partnerships in the NHS and that allows for the privatization of primary health care and regulation of the private sector;
• Reducing the weekly emergency hours required of doctors to 12 hours, freeing up the rest of the time for consultations and surgeries.

Education

• Recovery of teachers’ length of service and career progression;
• Compensation for displaced teachers;
• Review of the organization of cycles and the school calendar;
• Reconvert unused public buildings and sign protocols with the hotel and local accommodation sector to provide rooms at controlled prices;
• Setting a maximum ceiling on tuition fees for master’s degrees and doctorates.

Economy

• An interim increase in the minimum wage to 900 euros in 2024 and annual increases corresponding to the effect of inflation plus 50 euros;
• VAT cut to 6% for electricity, gas, and telecommunications and tax exemption for essential foodstuffs;
• Updating the specific IRS deduction from the current 4,104 euros to 4,686 euros and the introduction of mandatory aggregation of all income for those in the top two IRS brackets;
• Creation of a tax on donations and inheritances and another on large fortunes;
• Creating a tax on excessive profits for the sectors that have benefited most from inflation and rising interest rates.

Social Protection

• Changing the rules for updating pensions, including economic growth and inflation in the calculation;
• Recalculation of the pensions of those with more than 40 years of contributions, as well as the pensions of the fast-track schemes;
• Widening access to the Solidarity Supplement for the Elderly (CSI), raising its reference value to be calculated from the value of the poverty threshold;
• Reinforcement of unemployment benefits, returning to the national minimum wage as the benchmark for the minimum amount of contributory unemployment benefit;
• Create a new social benefit (“Citizen’s Social Income”) to ensure that no one falls below the poverty line.

Justice

• Criminalization of illicit enrichment (with confiscation of assets and 100% taxation), as well as the use of offshore services;
• The end of golden visas comes into force;
• Effective monitoring of the assets and income of political/public office holders, extending the obligation to declare to ministerial offices;
• Drafting a Basic Law on Justice;
• Creation of family and children’s sections in the higher courts and a body of experts in the permanent staff of the family courts.

Environment

• Regulate the Basic Climate Law and strengthen its ambition, bringing forward the date for climate neutrality;
• Taxing excessive oil company profits;
• Decarbonization of transport modes, with rail solutions for urban, suburban and sub-regional transport;
• Creation of central zones with major restrictions on car traffic in large cities, starting with Lisbon and Porto;
• Job creation in sectors that reduce emissions.

Housing

• Prohibit the sale of houses to non-residents;
• Create maximum rent ceilings and grant rental subsidies;
• Channel 25% of new construction into affordable housing;
• Immediate mobilization of vacant or unused public buildings for affordable housing;
• Reintroduction of the five-year minimum term for lease contracts.

CDU – Coligação Democrática Unitária

Political spectrum: Left

CDU is a left-wing political alliance made up of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party “Os Verdes” (PEV), often including members of the Associação de Intervenção Democrática (ID) on its lists. Founded in 1987, the CDU succeeded the defunct United People’s Alliance (APU) due to disagreements between the founding parties.

Initially known as the “Unitary Democratic Coalition”, it later changed its name to keep the acronym (PCP-PEV) while maintaining its political identity. This coalition is already a tradition in Portuguese legislative elections, having run in every election since 1987, still with the iconic communist leader Álvaro Cunhal at its helm.

It comes into the 2024 elections weakened by having been one of the parties to support António Costa’s government in 2015. Its electoral base is one of the most dedicated and loyal in Portuguese politics and its leaders tend to be very strong orators.

Health

• Reverse funding that goes to private groups to the NHS;
• More doctors nurses and other professionals dedicated exclusively to the NHS;
• Increased remuneration for NHS health professionals;
• 25% more when counting the length of service;
• Family doctor and nurse for all.

Education

• More teachers in public education;
• Full length of service after three years of teaching;
• Creation of 100,000 new places in the public nursery school network by 2028;
• Ending tuition fees in higher education;
• Reinforcement of School Social Action, namely in the reinforcement of student residences.

Economy

• General increase in salaries in the public and private sector, of at least 15% and not less than 150 euros;
• Valuing careers and professions;
• Reducing the price of the intermodal pass on public transport;
• State intervention to regulate prices and reduce costs of fuel, electricity, communications, insurance, credit and tolls;
• End Public-Private Partnerships.

Social Protection

• Increase the average wage and the National Minimum Wage by 1,000 euros by 2024;
• Reducing working hours to 35 hours for all;
• Extraordinary increase in pensions in 2024, with an increase of 7.5%, minimum of 70 euros;
• Penalty-free retirement with 40 years of contributions to bring the retirement age back to 65;
• Universalization and enhancement of the family allowance.

Justice

• Increased recruitment of professionals, such as judges, prosecutors, court clerks, etc;
• Enhancement of careers, salaries, and professional statutes;
• Adoption of measures to mitigate the slow pace of justice, such as the creation of support and advisory structures for magistrates;
• More human resources for the PJ and the Public Prosecutor’s Office and urgent measures for the administrative and tax courts;
• Phasing out court fees, expanding the network of justice of the peace courts, and legal aid.

Environment

• Reinforcement of state resources for policies to protect the balance and regeneration of nature;
• Betting on the Rational Use of Energy, increasing energy efficiency;
• Policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;
• Promoting the use of public transport;
• Investment in scientific research and technology development.

Housing

• Public housing supply program, through average annual investment of 1% of GDP;
• Provision of 50,000 new homes during the next parliamentary term;
• Protection of home ownership, with banks bearing the brunt of rising interest rates;
• Regulating and reducing rents;
• Repeal of the Evictions Law.

PAN – Pessoas-Animais-Natureza

Political spectrum: Center-left

The Party for Animals and Nature was founded in May 2009 as the Party for Animals (PPA) and officially registered in January 2011 as the PAN. Its first president was Paulo Borges. In the first legislative elections in which it participated, in 2011, the PAN did not elect any deputies, but it did obtain representation in the Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Region of Madeira.

In 2014, the party changed its name to People-Animals-Nature (PAN). In the 2015 legislative elections, PAN elected its first deputy to the Assembly of the Republic. During the 2019 elections, the party was widely discussed due to a controversial measure in its electoral program related to inmates convicted of violent crimes. The party managed to elect four deputies, but in June 2020, one deputy quit the party.

In June 2021, the then spokesperson, André Silva, left active politics, being replaced by Inês Sousa Real. In February 2022, the Constitutional Court rejected changes to the party’s statutes, and in February 2024, André Silva announced his disaffiliation, criticizing the parliamentary support given by the PAN to the regional government of Madeira, which was involved in suspicions of corruption.

Health

• Phased increase of 30% in doctors’ salaries and approval of a voluntary exclusive dedication regime;
• Approve a pilot project to allow pharmacies to attend to minor medical situations;
• Ensure that all citizens have a family doctor and nurse;
• Increasing the percentage of deductions for health expenses in the IRS from 15% to 30%;
• Urgent regulation of the law governing medically assisted death.

Education

• Increase public investment in education to reach 6% of national GDP by the end of the legislature;
• Balance teaching hours with non-teaching activities, such as relaxation, mindfulness, and activities in connection with nature;
• Progressively recovering teachers’ frozen full-time service;
• Study the possibility of increasing salaries at entry level;
• Progressively make the 1st cycle of studies in Higher Education free of charge.

Economy

• Approve a fiscal emergency program that guarantees the reinstatement of zero VAT and a review of the limits of the personal income tax brackets;
• Extend the IRS Joven regime so that it lasts two more years and guarantees a tax reduction of 15% in the penultimate year and 5% in the final year;
• Reduce the corporate income tax rate by 1 percentage point per year, reaching 17% by the end of the legislature;
• Undertake a public consultation on the future of TAP that does not exclude the maintenance of a significant state stake in the company;
• Increase the National Minimum Wage every year so that it reaches 1,100 euros by 2028.

Social Protection

• Guarantee an increase in social benefits;
• Assign every homeless person a case manager;
• Enshrine the public nature of the crimes of rape, sexual coercion, sexual fraud, and sexual abuse;
• Implement a National Strategy to Combat Loneliness in Portugal aimed at the elderly;
• Regulate the implementation of the Gender Self-Determination Law in Schools.

Justice

• Regulate lobbying, with mandatory registration of lobbyists and all the interests they represent;
• Approve a National Anti-Corruption Strategy, eliminating the reasons for current implementation failures and setting targets;
• Combat the phenomenon of “revolving doors” by providing for three-year periods of disgust;
• Introduce negotiation mechanisms in the justice system to ensure the speedy resolution of cases;
• Review the career of bailiffs and their salary conditions.

Environment

• Ensure climate neutrality by 2045;
• Eliminate all subsidies and public support for fossil fuels;
• Set targets for the introduction of electric vehicles by public transport operators;
• Ensure free monthly public transport passes by 2028;
• Ensure the evaluation of the Beja Airport option.

Housing

• Approve a subsidized housing loan scheme for young people aged 18 to 35;
• 25% discount on the fees for deeds and registration acts for the acquisition of real estate by young people, and exemption from stamp duty;
• Reduce the personal income tax of landlords who promote affordable rent and update rents below inflation;
• Expand the supply of affordable public housing;
• Converting vacant public buildings into housing for young people, particularly students.

Livre

Political spectrum: Left

The Livre party emerged in 2013 after thousands of Portuguese signed the Manifesto for a Free Left and held a series of meetings across the country. Its Founding Congress took place in January and February 2014 in Porto.

Initially, Livre formed a citizens’ candidacy, involving various progressive left-wing and independent movements, changing its name to LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar at its second Congress in April 2015.

Later, in June 2016, the party returned to its original name, LIVRE, at its fifth Congress. Livre’s ideology is based on four pillars: Freedom, Left, Europe, and Ecology, with seven fundamental principles: Universalism, Freedom, Equality, Solidarity, Socialism, Ecology, and Europeanism.

These principles guide its political action, seeking to promote universal human rights, personal autonomy, equality, solidarity, the rejection of commodification, political ecology, and transnational democracy.

Health

• Reforming the National Health Service;
• Strengthening access to primary health care;
• Ensure the integrated operation of emergency services in hospitals;
• Eliminate user fees;
• Enhancing the careers of the National Health Service.

Education

• Focusing the school on each student;
• Guarantee free public education;
• Dignify the teaching career and value all non-teaching staff and specialized technical staff;
• Promoting citizenship at school and integration into the community;
• Rethinking compulsory national exams in secondary education.

Economy

• Promoting a new green pact to create a green and fair economy;
• Increasing sources of state revenue and promoting redistribution by combating tax evasion, reducing the weight of taxes on labor income, increasing the personal income tax consignment to 1%;
• Taxing the profits of large multinational companies fairly;
• Ensure a Statute for Public Goods, categorizing all the goods on which the population depends (e.g. CTT, REN, Caixa Geral de Depósitos and transport companies);
• Getting Portugal out of the “trap” of low wages and increasing labor income.

Social Protection

• Eradicating poverty in Portugal;
• Guaranteeing rights and integrating homeless people;
• Ensure gender equality in all sectors and combat gender inequality;
• Zero tolerance for the sexual abuse of minors;
• Combat online hate speech, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and structural racism and xenophobia;

Justice

• Promoting speed and efficiency in justice;
• Guarantee universal access to justice;
• Making justice transparent and uncomplicated;
• Make the digital transition in justice more effective in order to increase speed;
• Reform the prison system.

Environment

• Enforcing the basic climate law;
• Reduce national gas emissions by 65 percent by 2030;
• Increased energy efficiency in buildings, homes, and transport;
• Ambitious and continued commitment to renewable energies;
• Carry out an environmental tax reform.

Housing

• Achieve 10 percent public housing;
• Ensuring help to buy a first home;
• Inventory and rehabilitate the public housing stock;
• Increase the number of places in university residences;
• Establish ceilings on rents, making average and low incomes compatible with the value of the rent.

Over and Out

Independently of how you feel about each party’s proposals and where you fall on the political spectrum, it is crucial to be well-informed and aware of what each proposal implies. That is why you should take this article as only a starting point in your decision. From here, you should ideally visit each party’s website and consult their respective election program – or at least the ones you mostly identify with.

2024 seems to be a particularly decisive year. Not only in Portugal but also in Europe and throughout the entire world. In Portugal alone, there will be two distinct elections: the legislative election on March 10th when all 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic will be at stake, thus electing the party that will be invited by the President to form a government. Then, the European parliamentary election on June 9th, when the Portuguese – and every citizen of the European Union – will pick their representatives in the European parliament.

National elections are scheduled or expected in at least 64 countries, which all together represent almost half the global population. These include Mexico, Russia, India, the United Kingdom and, of course the United States. So we can say that 2024, the year when Portugal completes its 50th anniversary of its revolution, is not only an election year, but the election year. So make your vote count.